Heaters conical

Figure 7.4 Microcomputer programming of a hatch cooling crystallizer. A, crystallization vessel, B, control heater, C, control cooler. surrounding the draft-tube), D, contact thermometer, E, discharge plug and conical baffle), F, recorder, G, relay, H, temperature programmer, I, cooling water pump, J, cooling water reservoir, K, water inflow L, water outflow after Jones and Mullin, 1974)...

ISO 11907-4 1998 Plastics - Smoke generation - Determination of the corrosivity of fire effluents - Part 4 Dynamic decomposition method using a conical radiant heater... 

The cone calorimeter is also used to quantify the corrosivity of products of combustion as described in ASTM D 5485. The Cone Corrosimeter uses the same load cell, specimen holder, retainer frame, spark igniter, conical heater, and exhaust system as the cone calorimeter. A heated stainless steel sampling tube is connected to a funnel placed on top of the conical heater. A gas sample is continuously drawn from the tube at a rate of 4.5 L/min. The sampling tube is connected with silicone rubber tubing to the pump via an 11.2L exposure chamber, a filter, and a flow meter. A target is placed in the exposure chamber at the start of the test and exposed to the corrosive atmosphere of the gas sample for 60 min or until the specimen has lost 70% of its total mass loss, whichever occurs first. 

FIGURE 21.15 ASTM E 1995 smoke chamber conical heater. 

Apparatus a. Temp-block module heater, Lab-Line Instruments, Inc., or equivalent. b. Sand for 1. a. c. Conical centrifuge tube with stoppers, 15 mL. d. Volumetric flasks, 10 mL and 200 mL. e. Syringe, 250 /xL. 

DRAFT TUBE-BAFFLE CRYSTALLIZER. A more versatUe and effective equipment is the draft tube-bafiie (DTB) crystallizer shown in Fig. 27.11. The crystallizer body is equipped with a draft tube, which also acts as a baflie to control the circulation of the magma, and a downward-directed propeller agitator to provide a controllable circulation within the crystallizer. An additional circulation system, outside the crystallizer body and driven by a circulating pump, contains the heater and feed inlet. Product slurry is removed through an outlet near the bottom of the conical lower section of the crystallizer body. For a given feed rate both the internal and external circulations are independently variable and provide controllable variables for obtaining the required CSD. 

Radiative furnaces. A resistance wire is embedded in a refractory cement or ceramic with conical openings for accessibility to the sample. Furnaces are normally designed to operate in air, although the crystal itself may be sealed in a glass capillary. Some heaters operate either in vacuum or in a controlled atmosphere (especially for neutron diffraction). 

Fig. 316 shows suspended vessels which are available in sizes of 16 to 1501 [1,5]. Adapters for connecting the necks to ball and conical ground joints can be purchased for both types. Flasks of this size are best heated by steam, by some kind of bath, or by electric immersion heaters or mantles. 

Figure 17 Schematic diagram of cone calorimeter for determining rate of heat release (ISO 5660 1) and smoke (draft ISO 5660 -2). 1. Load cell. 2. Test specimen. 3. Spark igniter. 4. Conical radiant heater. 5. Exhaust hood. 6. Gas sampling probe. 7. Laser, photocell. smoke delcimining system. 8. Pressure (velocity) measurement. 9. Exhaust fan.

Figure 9.14. A batch cooling crystallizer for studying the effect offines dissolution A, 30 L crystallization vessel, B, immersion heater, C, dr aft-tube cooler, D, temperature indicator controller E, discharge plug with conical baffle F, fines trap G, sample point H, oil bath I, pre-cooler J, filter (5 im) K, Rotameter W, cooling water inlet. After Jones, Chianese and Mullin, 1984)...

ASTM E2102-lla (standard test method for measurement of mass loss and ignitabihty for screening purposes using a conical radiant heater) and ISO 5660-1 2002 (reaction-to-fire tests-heat release, smoke producTion, and mass loss rate - part 1 heat release rate, cone calorimeter method) for mass loss. 

This measures the susceptibility of a material to be ignited by an external flame and when exposed to a radiant heat source. The radiant energy is applied from a conical heater, thus giving a uniform heat flux over the sample. The severity of the test can be varied by varying the energy output from the radiant heater. 

Cartridge heaters may be cylindrical or conical in shape (see Chapter 5.1). 

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