Heat transfer whole-body

No information was found on the placental transfer and distribution of phenol, however, Ghantous and Danielsson (1986) examined this question for benzene, the principal metabolite of which is phenol. Mice at gestation day 11, 14, and 17, were exposed by inhalation to 14C benzene and the distribution of benzene and its volatile and non-volatile metabolites examined using whole body autoradiaography and assessment of tissue concentrations of 14C (day 17 only). The authors indicated that the exposure regimen (50 Ci of 14C benzene in maize oil, volatilized by gentle heating) would theoretically produce 2,000 ppm in the inhalation chamber. Measurements of the difference between the amount added to the... 

Radiative heat transfer plays an important part in many fluidized bed processes operated at high temperatures, such as coal combustion and gasification. When treating a fluidized bed as a whole solid gray body, the radiative heat transfer coefficient ht between the fluidized bed at temperature 7), and a heating surface at temperature Ts is defined as... 

The three bodies — plate, very long cylinder and sphere — shall have a constant initial temperature d0 at time t = 0. For t > 0 the surface of the body is brought into contact with a fluid whose temperature ds d0 is constant with time. Heat is then transferred between the body and the fluid. If s < i90, the body is cooled and if i9s > -i90 it is heated. This transient heat conduction process runs until the body assumes the temperature i9s of the fluid. This is the steady end-state. The heat transfer coefficient a is assumed to be equal on both sides of the plate, and for the cylinder or sphere it is constant over the whole of the surface in contact with the fluid. It is independent of time for all three cases. If only half of the plate is considered, the heat conduction problem corresponds to the unidirectional heating or cooling of a plate whose other surface is insulated (adiabatic). 

In this mode, heat transfer is strictly by conduction. Because the temperature gradient is vertical, the body force can be completely balanced by a hydrostatic pressure gradient, and the solution (12-178) is valid over the whole range of possible values for i - T0. 

In the fifth part of this article (Section VI), heat transfer in tumors is discussed with application in thermography and hyperthermia. Similar to mass transfer, two theoretical approaches—lumped and distributed parameter—to describing heat transfer in normal and neoplastic tissues are described and used to predict temperature distributions during normo-and hyperthermia. Various techniques to induce localized and whole-body hyperthermia are also summarized. 

Once all the model parameter values are specified, the geometry of the model system must be defined. Depending upon the information desired, either a particular organ (or tissue region) or the whole mammalian body may be considered as the region in which the bio-heat transfer equation must be solved. Both of these approaches have been discussed in depth elsewhere (Shitzer and Eberhart, 1985) for application in the normal tissues therefore, we will focus our attention on tumors. 

Heat transfer by conduction is defined by the Fourier equation (1.1). The application of Eq. (1.1) in calculations encounters difficulties because the temperature gradient of the wall must be defined, as well as its increments around the whole surface S of the body. Accordingly, for practical reasons the Newton equation is usually applied ... 

Wissler, E.H., Mathematical simulation of human thermal behavior using whole body models, in Heat Transfer in Medicine and Biology Analysis and Applications, A. Shitzer and R.G. Eberhart, Eds., 1985, Plenum Press New York, pp. 325-373. 

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