Whole-body model

Willmann S, Lippert J, Sevestre M, Solodenko J, Fois F, Schmitt W. PK-Sim a physiologically based pharmacokinetic whole-body model. Biosilico 2003 1(4) 121-4... 

In general, lumped parameter models describing the mammalian thermal system have focused on either specific organs or the whole body (for review, see Volpe and Jain, 1982,1983). We will first discuss the whole-body model developed by Huckaba and co-workers, and then our model for a tumor-bearing host (Jain, 1985b). 

Table 6.2 shows articles describing biologically based skin compartments used as an input to the whole-body model. 

Whole-Body Models for Vitamin A Metabolism Empirical Compartmental Analysis of Vitamin A Metabolism Liver Vitamin A Metabolism... 

The use of differential operators facilitates the construction of whole-body models. The operators can easily be interconnected in the arrangement required for a complex closed-loop system, and the use of a hierarchical structure makes the model structure clearly visible at each level. 

Creating a whole-body model for a given substrate depends on having a toolkit of operators that are appropriate for the substrate. Considerable care should be taken in the design of the toolkit and in the numerical methods used. Effort spent in this design will be repaid when the compre-... 

Impedance Model of the Hand-Arm System. A 4-degree-of-freedom model consisting of four of the models sketched in Fig. 10.6, arranged in series (i.e., on top of each other), has been used to predict idealized values for the input impedance to the hand (ISO 10068, 1998). As is the case for the lumped whole-body models, Ae parameters of the hand-arm model do not possess direct anatomical correlates. 

The foUowing examples are provided to iUustrate some of the considerations, not to exhaustively explore this compHcated issue. A model of the whole body is typically needed even for a relatively local stimulus, especiaUy when the heat input represents a significant fraction of the whole body heat load. The reader is referred to extensive handbook entries on environmental response for more information [43,44]. Whole body models of the thermoregulatory system are discussed in Wissler [45]. 

Wissler, E.H., Mathematical simulation of human thermal behavior using whole body models, in Heat Transfer in Medicine and Biology Analysis and Applications, A. Shitzer and R.G. Eberhart, Eds., 1985, Plenum Press New York, pp. 325-373. 

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