Heart trans fatty acids

Ascheiro, A., Stampfer, M.J. and Willett W.C., Trans fatty acids and coronary heart disease. Background and scientific review, www.hsph.harvard.edu/reviews/ transfats.pdf... 

Bolton-Smith, C., Woodward, M., Fenton, S., Brown, C.A. 1996. Does dietary trans fatty acid intake relate to the prevalence of coronary heart disease in Scotland Eur. Heart J. 17,837-845. 

Oomen, C.M., Ocke, M.C., Feskens, E.J.M., van Erp-Baart, M-A.J., Kok, F.J., Kromhout, D. 2001. Association between trans fatty acid intake and 10-year risk of coronary heart disease in the Zutphen Elderly Study a prospective population-based study. Lancet. 357, 746-751. 

Willett, W.C., Stampfer, M.J., Manson, J.E., Colditz, G.A., Speizer, F.E., Rosner, B.A., Sampson, L.A., Hennekens, C.H. 1993. Intake of trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among women. Lancet. 341, 581-585. 

Today we know that only two fats hurt the heart. In addition to the saturated fats, trans-fatty acids formed by the partial hydrogenation of otherwise healthy oils such as soybean or sunflower are culprits. They re even worse than saturated fats, in that they lower the levels of both LDL and HDL. You find them in processed, packaged foods such as baked goods and margarines and in deep-fried... 

Trans-Isomers and Coronary Heart Disease An increased risk of developing heart disease has been linked to an intake of trans-fatty acids (223). The replacement of dietary saturated fatty acids by trans-fatty acids, for example, lowers serum HDL cholesterol and impairs endothelial function in healthy men and women (224). It also impairs flow-mediated vasodilation and decreases the activity of serum paraoxonase, which is an HDL-bound esterase that may protect against atherosclerosis (225). 

A. Ascherio, M. B. Katan, P. L. Zook, et al. Trans fatty acids and coronary heart disease. New England Journal of Medicine 340, 1994 (1999). 

As previously recalled, enzymatic CTI in eukaryotic cells is unknown and the presence of trans fatty acid isomers in humans has been generally attributed to exogenous sources. After a series of studies in several countries it was found that trans fatty acid isomers can give harmful effects on health, involving risk factors of heart attack and coronary artery disease, impairment of fetal and infant growth... 

The high temperatnre of a chemical catalytic hydrogenation process promotes the undesirable cis-to-trans isomerization of fatty acid donble bonds recent stndies have shown that the injestion of trans fatty acids in edible oils increases cholesterol blood levels and contribntes to coronary heart disease. The low-temperature electrochemical hydrogenation scheme rednces snch isomerization. 

Though the primary business of soybean processing is to produce animal protein feed, 17 to 20% of the soybean is an oil coproduct. In the 1960s, human health concerns about cholesterol caused an increase in demand for soybean oil. Food manufacturers shifted away from animal by-products as a source of fat or oil. Then in the 1970s, concerns arose about saturated fats from tropical oils. This caused another spike in demand as U.S. food manufacturers switched from palm oil to less saturated oils, such as soy. These events created significant opportunities for soybean oil to become the preferred oil for food manufacturers. Now evidence links the presence of trans-fatty acids, found in processed soybean oil, with heart disease. For some products, soybean oil is partially hydrogenated to improve products appearance, stability,... 

Eckel, R.H. S. Borra A.H. Lichtenstein S.Y. Yin-Piazza. Understanding the complexity of trans fatty acid reduction in the American diet American heart association tram fat conference 2006 Report of the tram fat conference planning group. Circulation 2007, 115, 2231-2246. 

What are the optimal conditions to hydrogenate canola oil Edible vegetable oil is hydrogenated to preserve its flavor and to alter its melting properties. Because evidence suggests that trans-fatty acids are associated with increased risk of heart disease and cancer, the minimum amount of trans-fatty acids and the maximum amount of c/s-oleic acid are desired. 

AHA (American Heart Association). Trans fatty acids. 2008. Available at http //www.americanheart.org/ presenter.jhtml identifier=3030450 (accessed 18/2/2008). 

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