Health effects colorectal cancer

Effective colorectal cancer screening programs incorporate annual fecal occult blood testing in combination with regular examination of the entire colon starting at age 50 for average-risk individuals and should be recommended by all health care providers. 

The continuous combined oral estrogen-progestogen arm of the Women s Health Initiative (WHI) study was terminated prematurely after a mean of 5.2-year follow-up because of the occurrence of a prespecified level of invasive breast cancer. The study also found increased coronary disease events, stroke, and pulmonary embolism. Beneficial effects included decreases in hip fracture and colorectal cancer. 

New techniques must be assessed with respect to efficiency and cost-effectiveness in comparison to already existing ones. So far only a few cost-effective analyses of management of recurrent colorectal cancer based on decision analysis models have been published. Cost calculations of two studies were based on US Medicare reimbursement rates [32-34], whereas one othereconomic analysis was performed from the French national health insurance s perspective [35]. 

Calcium is the most abundant essential mineral in the human body, 99% being located in the bones and teeth. Caldum salts have been used therapeutically in many conditions, such as lactose intolerance, osteoporosis, premenstrual syndrome, colorectal cancer, kidney stones, and multiple sclerosis. Calcium supplementation has long been regarded as a fimdamental part of the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal bone loss. Several other health benefits have also been suggested, including improvements in blood pressure and serum cholesterol. Its adverse effects include constipation, bloating, and gas [Ifi ], as well as interference with the absorption of phosphate [17. ... 

The health risks and benefits from vitamin D and calcium supplementation have been evaluated from a clinical trial and cohort study including 36,282 postmenopausal women who were given 1000 mg elemental calcium carbonate plus 400 lU of vitamin D3 daily or placebo over a 7-year period [42 ]. There was no significant effect on myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, total heart disease, stroke, overall cardiovascular disease, colorectal cancer or overall mortality. 

---