Hazard maps

Any special aspect of hazard can be mapped, provided there is sufficient information on its distribution. Hence, when hazard and risk assessments are made over a large area, the results can be expressed in the form of hazard and risk maps. An ideal hazard map should 

Landslide-earthflow area [ us . J Unstable slope pus ] Potentially unstable slope Rockfallarea 

---

The carbon monoxide in the corridor is shown on Figure 8. The data on CO production, especially during oxygen starvation, is very inadequate. These computed values are probably too small. It will, nonetheless, serve as an illustrative example. Figures 6-8 constitute the hazard maps for the escape route, in this case, the corridor. The time line for the fire is given in Table I. 

Frankel, A., Mueller, C., Bamhard, T, Perkins, D., Leyendecker, E. V, Dickman, N. (1996). National seismic hazard maps documentation June 1996. U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report, 96-532. 

Figure 14.6 shows an example of the hazard map produced for some segments of the limestone cliffs. The results of the survey indicate that the stability of the various limestone cliffs was controlled by-and-large by the north-south trending bedding planes. More details on this case study are contained in Tan (1998b). 

Tavares, A. O. 2004. Geotechnical and natural hazard mapping on urban and outer urban planning . Proceedings... 

The rapid movement of masses of snow or ice down slopes as avalanches can pose a serious hazard in many mountain areas. For example, avalanches, particularly when they contain notable amounts of debris, can damage buildings and routeways, and may lead to loss of life. Two types of avalanches are recognized firstly, the dry snow or wet snow avalanches. Slab avalanches represent the second type, and these take place when a slab of cohesive snow fails. These tend to be the more dangerous type. Avalanche location can often be predicted from historical evidence relating to previous avalanches combined with topographical data. As a consequence, hazard maps of avalanche-prone areas can be produced. 

Perles Rosello, ME, Cantarero Prados, F.2010. Problems and challenges of multiple risk analysis planning methodological proposals for the development of multi-hazard mapping. Bulletin of the Association of Spanish Geographers. 52, 245 71. 

Figure 5. Example of a landslide hazard map that combines process-model results with an inventory map. Modified from Haneberg (2004).

Ardizzone, E, Cardinali, M., Carrara, A., Guzzetti, F. Reichenbach, P. 2002. Impact of mapping citots on the reliability of landslide hazard maps. Natural Hazards and Earth System Science 2 3-14. 

Bauei J.B., Witt, A.C., Wooten, R.M., Latham, R.S., GiUon, KA., Douglas, T.J. Fuemmeler, S.J. 2009. Using liDAR to identify and delineate slope movement deposits for county wide landslide hazard maps in western North Carolina 2009 Annual Meeting Program with Abstracts. AEG News 52(4) 59. 

Former research regarding co-seismic landslides was focused on environmental impacts (Dai et al., 2005), seismic landslide statistics (Keefer, 1984, 1989,2000 Papadopoulos, 2000 Costa Schuster, 1991) and the design of digital hazard maps for co-seismic landslides (Jibson, R.W., 2000). However, there are few studies on the mechanical development of seismic landslides, especially in acid intrusive rocks, which may explain the spatial distribution of this type of landslides. 

Jibson R.W., Harp E.L., and Michael J.A. A method for producing digital probabilistic seismic landslide hazard Maps. Engineering Geology, Special Issue, 2000, 58 (3 ), 98-113. 

Estimation of probable shallow landslide blocks by traverse measurement of topsoil Hazard mapping using SSP was demonstrated at a hill slope composed of granite and compared with micro-topography observed by field investigations and LiDAR measurements. 

Xu C. Xu X.W. 2013. Controlling parameter analyses and hazard mapping for earthquake triggered-landslides an example from a square region in Beichuan County, Sichuan Province, China. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, doi 10.1007/s12517-012-0646-y. 

Xu, C. Xu, X.W., Yu, GH. 2012d. Earthquake triggered landslide hazard mapping and validation related with the 2010 Port-au-Prince, Haiti earthquake. Disaster Advances 2012, 5(4) 1297-1304. 

Xu, C., Xu, X.W, Dai, F.C., Xiao, J.Z., Tan, X.B., Yuan, R.M. 2012e. Landslide hazard mapping using GIS and weight of evidence model in Qingshui river watershed of 2008 Wenchuan earthquake struck region. Journal of Earth Science 23(1) 97-120. 

Time dependent probabilistic hazard map for speotral acceleration at T=0.2 s ... 

Fig. 3 Tsunami hazard map of Mentawai megathrust (Source) BPBD Sumatera Barat 2012...

Abstract This chapter presents a stochastic optimization model for disaster management planning. In particular, the focus is on the integrated decisions about the distribution of relief supplies and evacuation operations. The proposed decisionmaking approach recommends the best relief distribution centers to use as storage locations and determines their optimal inventory levels. The model also incorporates the priorities for the evacuation of particular communities, as well as specific disaster scenarios with estimates of the transportation needs and demand for aid. A case study is presented to determine the distribution of aid for a flood emergency in Thailand that uses a flood hazard map. 

Using our stochastic approach, we used the flood hazard map for Chiang Mai to generate disaster scenarios that closely match real floods in this area. We considered seven different scenarios, and their probabilities of occurrence are calculated from historical data for the past three decades 0.35,0.20,0.18, 0.12, 0.08,0.05, and 0.02 for scenario 1-7, respectively. Each of these scenarios creates a different demand for relief, depending on how much of the area is affected. 

Fig. 2 Seven levels of Chiang Mai flood hazard map (CENDRU 2015)...

Hazard maps They are used to exhibit the probability of failure related to the possible modes of failure on danger maps. Alternatively, the results can be expressed qualitatively as high, medium, or low. 

---