Hawking radiation

A consequent 5-dimensional treatment would require Unified Theory of Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity. This unified theory is not available now, and we know evidences that present QM is incompatible with present GR. The well-known demonstrative examples are generally between QFT and GR (e.g. the notion of Quantum Field Theory vacua is only Lorentz-invariant and hence come ambiguities about the existence of cosmological Hawking radiations [19]). But also, it is a fundamental problem that the lhs of Einstein equation is c-number, while the rhs should be a quantum object. 

WIMPZILLAs Our last example of cold dark matter candidates illustrates a fascinating idea for generating matter in the expanding universe the gravitational creation of matter in an accelerated expansion. This mechanism is analogous to the production of Hawking radiation around a black hole, and of Unruh radiation in an accelerated reference frame. 

As mentioned this is relevant for post-inflation, that is t > 10-35 s or M > 1 Kg. Since the smaller the PBH, the earlier it forms, the smallest PBHs detectable would probe the earliest cosmological times. Once the PBH is formed, M is not increased sizably by accretion [35], On the other hand, M can decrease by Hawking radiation. 

Primordial black holes (PBH) cannot be entirely ruled out at present, provided that they formed early enough not to have been baryonic during nucleosynthesis. One can say that either the universe is not closed by black holes near 1015g, or Hawking radiation doesn t happen, or both (Ap02, Sect. 12.7). Planet-to-star masses that would gravitationally lens stars behind them (called MACHOs for MAssive Compact Halo Objects) are excluded, and so are (a) blacks holes of 105 6 solar masses, which would mess up galactic... 

The BH will evaporate via Hawking radiation into both brane and bulk. The particle emission rate per species i for a BH with temperature T is described by (Ahn et al. 2003)... 

In contrast, according to quantum theory, black holes emit a Hawking radiation. This radiation exhibits the thermal spectrum. The generalized second law of thermodynamics is the connection of the laws of black hole mechanics to the ordinary laws of thermodynamics. 

Theoreticians have also postulated the existence of mini black holes (with masses of about 10 kilograms and radii about 10" metre). Such entities might have been formed shortly after the big bang when the universe was created. Quantum-mechanical effects are important for mini black holes, which emit Hawking radiation (see Hawking process). See also Schwarzschild radius. 

An important aspect of quantum field theory in curved space-time is its description of Hawking radiation (seeHawking process). It is necessary to consider quantum gravity in the very early universe, just after the big bang, and the singularities associated with black holes can also be interpreted as requiting a quantum theory of gravity. 

Grootveld, M.C., Herz, H., Haywood, R, Hawkes, G.E., Naughton, D., Perera, A., Knappitt, J., Blake, D.R. and Claxson A.W.D. (1994). Multicomponent analysis of radio-lytic products in human body fluids using high field proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscoopy. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 43, 445-453. 

Rothman, L.S., C.P. Rinsland, A. Goldman, S.T. Massie, D.P. Edwards, J.-M. Flaud, A. Perrin, C. Camy-Peyret, V. Dana, J.-Y. Mandin, J. Schroeder, A. McCann, R.R. Gamache, R.B. Wattson, K. Yoshino, K.V. Chance, K.W. Jucks, L.R. Brown, V. Nemtschinov, and P. Varanasi, The HITRAN molecular spectroscopic data base and HAWKS 1996 Edition. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transfer 60, 665, 1998. 

In 1975, Hawking stated that the temperature of a black hole is not absolute zero. Due to quantum effects, a black hole radiates all species of particles with a black body radiation [21]. The mean temperature is proportional to the surface gravity of the black hole. 

Human senses have a particular range and can only detect electromagnetic radiation in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. This is only a very small proportion of the electromagnetic spectrum. There are senses that humans do not possess (e.g. the echo-location used by bats and dolphins), and other senses may be limited compared to other animals (e.g. we cannot see as well as hawks or smell as well as dogs). 

K, Yoshino, K.V. Chance, K.W. Jucks, L.R. Brown, V. Nemtshinov, P, Vai anasi The HITRAN molecular database and HAWKS (HITRAN Atmospheric Workstation) 1996 edition. J. Quant. Spectr. Radiat. Transfer 60, 665 (1998)... 

Remark 1 Black Hole Entropy. In the early 1970s Stephen Hawking (Hawking 1976 and references therein) showed that a black hole of mass M should emit radiation possessing the spectral distribution of black body radiation corresponding to the temperature... 

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