Hass, Karl

Scherer D, Hassel D, Bloehs R, Zitron E, von Lowenstem K, Seyler C, Thomas D, Konrad F, Burgers HF, Seemann G, Rottbauer W, Katus HA, Karle CA, Scholz ER Selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine directly blocks hERG currents. Br J Pharmacol 2009 156(2) 226-36. 

Pickles aud Karl have made an examination of the essential oil distilled from the fruit of this plant which is alari known as An /mum mcilivm. They find that the oil resides almost entirely in the seeds. By distilling the fruits with steam, aliout 1 per cent, of a pale yellow oil, having an odour cecalliug those of lemon aud eucalyptus, was obtained. The Oil has the following chanteters —... 

To this mixture there is then added slowly over a period of 30 minutes 10 grams of - -)-a-aminobenzylpenicillin beta-naphthalene sulfonate. The mixture is agitated for 3 hours at 25°-30°C. The product, D- -)-o -aminobenzylpenicillin trihydrate precipitates and is collected by filtration. The filter cake of the product is washed several times with methyl isobutyl ketone and is dried at 40°C. The product is obtained in about a 90% yield and has a potency of 865 mcg/mg. It is determined by Karl Fischer analysis to have a moisture content of 13.4% by weight. 

The end point of the reaction is conveniently determined electrometrically using the dead-stop end point procedure. If a small e.m.f. is applied across two platinum electrodes immersed in the reaction mixture a current will flow as long as free iodine is present, to remove hydrogen and depolarise the cathode. When the last trace of iodine has reacted the current will decrease to zero or very close to zero. Conversely, the technique may be combined with a direct titration of the sample with the Karl Fischer reagent here the current in the electrode circuit suddenly increases at the first appearance of unused iodine in the solution. 

The Karl Fischer procedure has now been simplified and the accuracy improved by modification to a coulometric method (Chapter 14). In this procedure the sample under test is added to a pyridine-methanol solution containing sulphur dioxide and a soluble iodide. Upon electrolysis, iodine is liberated at the anode and reactions (a) and (b) then follow the end point is detected by a pair of electrodes which function as a biamperometric detection system and indicate the presence of free iodine. Since one mole of iodine reacts with one mole of water it follows that 1 mg of water is equivalent to 10.71 coulombs. 

Fischer titration may not be reliable for water concentration determination in the presence of highly hygroscopic electrolytes, e.g., LiCl/DMAc [119]. This conclusion has been also verified for TBAF/DMSO, by adding known amounts of water to the solvent system, followed by determination of the water content by Karl-Fischer titration. Whereas the added water ranged from 0.23 to 1.19 mol H, that determined by titration ranged from 0.21 to... 

The author has benefited greatly from discussions with Professors Karl Freeman, Evert Nieboer and Stephanie Atkinson on biochemistry and nntri-tion. Boaz Luz clarified my ideas about carbon isotope fractionation in blood. Research was supported by a grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council. The author thanks Shannon Coyston, Lori Wright, Chris White and Stanley Ambrose for useful comments and discussions. 

The water concentration in the paint and in the paint film has been determined using a Mitsubishi moisture meter. The anode cell was filled with Karl-Flscher reagent and the cathode cell with a mixture of pyridine, formamlde and Karl-Flscher reagent (70/30/6Z (v/v)). Paint samples were injected directly into the cathode solution. 

As early as 1954, Karl Ziegler [301,302] has assumed that colloidal nickel in triethylaluminium is the crucial co-catalyst which effects the controlled polymerization... 

In almost all theoretical studies of AGf , it is postulated or tacitly understood that when an ion is transferred across the 0/W interface, it strips off solvated molecules completely, and hence the crystal ionic radius is usually employed for the calculation of AGfr°. Although Abraham and Liszi [17], in considering the transfer between mutually saturated solvents, were aware of the effects of hydration of ions in organic solvents in which water is quite soluble (e.g., 1-octanol, 1-pentanol, and methylisobutyl ketone), they concluded that in solvents such as NB andl,2-DCE, the solubility of water is rather small and most ions in the water-saturated solvent exist as unhydrated entities. However, even a water-immiscible organic solvent such as NB dissolves a considerable amount of water (e.g., ca. 170mM H2O in NB). In such a medium, hydrophilic ions such as Li, Na, Ca, Ba, CH, and Br are selectively solvated by water. This phenomenon has become apparent since at least 1968 by solvent extraction studies with the Karl-Fischer method [35 5]. Rais et al. [35] and Iwachido and coworkers [36-39] determined hydration numbers, i.e., the number of coextracted water molecules, for alkali and alkaline earth metal... 

This organisation, run by Josef Finke in Ireland, has developed into a large-scale organic business, in a similar manner to that of Karl Barton at Chisel Farm in Dorset. 

Chan Sook Cheng contributed Chapters 8 and 9, and has added a dimension to the book which I hope has much extended its usefulness. Will Best contributed Chapter 11, from the standpoint of a practising farmer. I am also most grateful to Ed Goff for his comments and helpful criticism of the dairy section (Chapter 3) and Chapter 5. Helen Browning and Peter North both improved the section on pigs and Karl Barton did the same for poultry. 

The generation of iodine coulometrically at the anode has an extensive application in the Karl Fischer (KF) technique of water determination. The current... 

Although the E 636 allows Karl Fischer water determinations, as any other titration, a separate microprocessor-controlled 658 KF processor has been developed, and there is also the microprocessor-controlled 652 KF coulometer (see pp. 221-222). 

Moisture has been determined by Karl Fisher moisture titration at 300°C (model Metrohm 756 KF Coulometer with 707 KF oven, available from Brinkmann Instruments, Inc. of Westbury, NY, USA). 

Structure determination has greatly advanced with the invention of new ways to use x-ray crystallography, mainly new mathematical methods that permit the interpretation of the observed patterns of diffraction of x-rays by a crystal, translating it into the molecular structures in the crystal. A Nobel Prize in 1985 to Herbert Hauptmann and Jerome Karle recognized such an advance. 

The near-IR technique has been used very successfully for moisture determination, whole tablet assay, and blending validation [23]. These methods are typically easy to develop and validate, and far easier to run than more traditional assay methods. Using the overtone and combination bands of water, it was possible to develop near-IR methods whose accuracy was equivalent to that obtained using Karl-Fischer titration. The distinction among tablets of differing potencies could be performed very easily and, unlike HPLC methods, did not require destruction of the analyte materials to obtain a result. 

Karl Wurster is Vorstand chairman of another "successor company," which has taken again its old family name — Badische Anilin und Sodafabrik A.G. It is at Ludwigshafen, in the French zone. 

In 1878 Karl Marx developed the reproduction schema his model of how total capital is produced and reproduced. This is thought to be the first two-sector economic model ever constructed. Two key aspects of Marx s writings are widely agreed to be undeveloped the role of aggregate demand and the role of money. This book has as its aim the synthesis of various strands of economic thought in an attempt to understand and clarify the structure of the reproduction schema. This synthesis will challenge prevailing orthodoxies. 

There are two possibilities for the organic base. One is pyridine, which is the base in the traditional Karl Fischer recipe. The structure of pyridine is similar to that of benzene. The difference is that one of the carbons in the benzene ring is replaced by a nitrogen. Pyridine is toxic, has a disagreeable odor, and does not give the optimum pH for the determination. More recently, imidazole has been used for the base. The structures of pyridine and imidazole are shown in Figure 14.13. 

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