Harm, defined

Category M fluid service is defined as a fluid service in which a single exposure to a veiy small quantity of atoxic fluid, caused by leakage, can produce serious irreversible harm to persons on breathing or bodily coutacl , even when prompt restorative measures are taken. ... 

Introduction The meaning o hazard is often confused with risk. Hazard is defined as the inherent potential of a material or activity to harm people, property, or the environment. Hazard does not have a probability component. 

This brings us to what the real objectives behind P2 are about. Pollution prevention is a carefully plarmed investment aimed at reducing an enterprise s operating costs through the elimination of harmful pollution. A successful P2 activity is a win-win type of investment — that is, the company not only eliminates pollution at the source, but does so on the condition that, at the very least, the activity pays for itself and, more favorably, provides attractive financial returns. The re-engineering considered for the pollution reduction and/or elimination must meet a set of well-defined financial goals within the enterprise otherwise it is not a worthwhile P2 practice. 

What do we mean when we speak of an inherently safer chemical process Inherent has been defined as existing in something as a permanent and inseparable element, quality, or attribute (American College Dictionary, 1967). A chemical manufacturing process is inherently safer if it reduces or eliminates the hazards associated with materials and operations used in the process, and this reduction or elimination is permanent and inseparable. To appreciate this definition fully, it is essential to understand the precise meaning of the word hazard. A hazard is defined as a physical or chemical characteristic that has the potential for causing harm to people, the environment, or property (adapted from CCPS, 1992). The key to this definition is that the hazard is intrinsic to the material, or to its conditions of storage or use. Some specific examples of hazards include ... 

Healtli issues, most importantly, conttuninants in tlie workplace, have become OSHA s primary concern. Healtli haztu-ds are comple.v and difficult to define. Because of this, OSHA has been slow to implement healtli standards. To be complete, each standard requires medical surveillance, record keeping, monitoring, and physical reviews. On the other side of the ledger, safety hazards are aspects of the work environment tliat are e. pected to cause deatli or serious physical harm immediately or before tlie imminence of such danger can be eliminated. 

Acceptable indoor air quality (lAQ) is defined as air in which there are no known contaminants at harmful concentrations as determined by cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority (80%) of the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction (ASHRAE, 1989). Some of these indoor air contaminants are particulates, vapors, and gases that may be generated by occupants and their activities, building materials, furniture, equipment and appliances present in indoor space, operations and main-... 

Toxicity is defined as the quality, state, or degree of being toxic or poisonous. Some liquids contain chemicals that are a serious toxic hazard. These toxic or poisonous chemicals may enter the body through inhalation, by absorption through the skin, or through the eyes or the mouth. The result is sickness and, in some cases, death. Manufacturers of hydraulic liquids strive to produce suitable liquids that contain no toxic chemicals and, as a result, most hydraulic liquids are free of harmful chemicals. Some fire-resistant liquids are toxic, and suitable protection and care in handling must be provided. 

This thiol-disulfide interconversion is a key part of numerous biological processes. WeTJ see in Chapter 26, for instance, that disulfide formation is involved in defining the structure and three-dimensional conformations of proteins, where disulfide "bridges" often form cross-links between q steine amino acid units in the protein chains. Disulfide formation is also involved in the process by which cells protect themselves from oxidative degradation. A cellular component called glutathione removes potentially harmful oxidants and is itself oxidized to glutathione disulfide in the process. Reduction back to the thiol requires the coenzyme flavin adenine dinucleotide (reduced), abbreviated FADH2. 

Pollution is defined as the introduction by man into the environment of substances liable to cause hazards to human health, harm living resources and ecological systems, damage structure or amenity, or interfere with legitimate use of the environment. This all-embracing definition includes the impact of polymers on the environment, both in their original form as raw materials. 

A hazard can be defined as a situation which may lead to harm, whilst risk is the probability that harm will occur. From the point of view of harm being caused by exposure to a chemical. Equation 1.3 is applicable. 

Before continuing, it is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of hazard and risk because they are often used interchangeably which is inappropriate and potentially confusing. Hazard is defined as an inherent capacity of an agent to result in harm, whereas risk is defined as the probability that harm may result under the appropriate set of circumstances. This relationship can be expressed with the following formula ... 

The term "Allelopathy" was coined by Molisch (2 ) to refer to both detrimental and beneficial biochemical interactions anong all classes of plants, including microorganisms. Because the root word "pathy," however, implies detrimental interactions, Rice (3) defines "allelopathy" as follows "Any direct or indirect harmful effects of one plant (including microorganisns) on another through the production of chemical compounds that escape into the envirorment." Perhaps, the term "allelopathy" should be extended to include the manifold mutual effects of metabolic products of both plants and animals. Now Rice includes beneficial interactions (18). 

Addition of ammonium hydroxide and water were explored to evaluate their influence upon catalyst activity and selectivity. The data in this study suggest that there was little influence of ammonium hydroxide on reaction rate and selectivity. The data, however, were not sufficient to definitively define the role of these additives and investigation of these effects will be the subject of future exploration. Examination of Figure 3 may lead to the conclusion that water is actually harmful to the life of the catalyst but such a preliminary hypothesis is overly simplistic, acknowledging that the ammonium hydroxide additive comprises 70% water. 

Nigeria has as well its Harmful Wastes Act, which, rather than listing banned substances, broadly bans materials by their effects, defining such materials as those which ... subject a person to risk of death or... incurable impairment. Trading in such can be punished by life imprisonment [39]. Nigeria s more recent National Environmental Regulations (Electronics Sector) explicitly prohibits unusable electronic goods [40]. 

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