Hair analysis for drugs

Kelly, R. C Mieczkowski, T Sweeney S. A., and Bourland, J. A. (2000). Hair analysis for drugs of abuse Hair color and race differentials or systematic differences in drug preferences Forensic Sci. Int. 107,63-86. 

Henderson, G. L., Harkey, M. R., and Jones, R., Hair analysis for drugs of abuse. Final Report on Grant Number NIJ 90-N1J-CX-0012 to National Institutes of Justice, September 1993. 

Baumgartner, W. A. and Hill, V. A., Hair analysis for drugs of abuse decontamination issues, in I. Sunshine, ed.. Recent Developments in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1992, pp. 577-597. 

Welch, M. J., Sniegoski, L. T., Allgood, C. C., and Habrum, M., Hair analysis for drugs of abuse evaluation of analytical methods, environmental issues, and development of reference materials, /. Anal. Toxicol, 17, 389, 1993. 

Springfield, A. C., CartmeU, L. W., Aufderheide, A. C., Buikstra, J., and Ho, J., Cocaine and metabolites in the hair of ancient Peruvian coca leaf chewers. Forensic Sci. Int., 63, 269, 1993. Baumgartner, W. A. and HiU, V. A., Sample preparation techniques. Forensic Sci. Int., 63,121,1993. Nakahara, Y. and Kikura, R., Hair analysis for drugs of abuse. VII. The incorporation rates of cocaine, benzoylecgonine cmd ecgonine methyl ester into rat hair and hydrolysis of cocaine in rat hair. Arch. Toxicol, 68, 54,1994. 

Nakahara, Y., Takahashi, K., and Konuma, K., Hair analysis for drugs of abuse. VI. The excretion of methoxphenamine and methamphetamine into beards of human subjects. Forensic Sci. Int., 63, 109,1993. 

Kopito, L. E. and Shwachman, H., Alterations in the elemental composition of hair in some diseases, in The First Human Hair Symposium, Brown, A. C., Ed., Medcom Press, New York, 1974, 83. Harkey, M. R. and Henderson, G. L., Hair analysis for drugs of abuse, in Advances in Analytical Toxicology, 2nd ed., Baselt, R. C., Ed., Biomedical Press, Foster City, CA, 1984, 298. 

With growing attention to hair analysis for drugs of abuse and pharmaceutical drugs, a number of pharmacological, analytical, and technical problems became of interest, which have been focused in a Consensus Report and revised at the SOFT Conference 1992 in Cromwell, Hartford, CT. Main problems arose with the questions of external contamination, the routes of incorporation of drugs into hair, possible dose-response relationships, interpretation of results, and their application to forensic, clinical, and occupational cases. 

Independent from this controversy, hair analysis for drugs offers a way to uncover chronic use in cases where blood or urine analyses fail. The detection of the parent drug and the metabolites seem to be a possibility to decide whether the drug has been incorporated or not. In cases of incorporation, the concentration of the more lipophilic parent drug seems to be nearly always higher than that of the metabolites, ° ° contrary to urinalysis. 

Consensus Report, NIDA/SOFT-Conference on Hair Analysis for Drugs of Abuse, Washington, D.C., May 27-29 1990. 

Raff, I., Denk, R., Sachs, H., Monoacetylmorphin in Haaren, Zbl. Rechtsmed., 36, 479,1991. Nakahara, Y., Takahashi, K., Shimamine, M., Takeda, Y, Hair Analysis for Drugs of Abuse. I. Determination of Methamphetamine and Amphetamine in Hair by Stable Isotope Dilution Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Method, /. Forensic Sci., 36, 70,1991. 

Nakahara, Y, et al.. Hair Analysis for Drugs of Abuse. IV. Determination of Total Morphine and Confirmation of 6-Acetylmorphine in Monkey and Human Hair by GC/MS, Arch. Toxicol., 66,449, 1992. 

Morrison, J.F., MacCrehan, W.A., Selavka, C.M., Evaluation of supercritical fluid extraction for the selective recovery of drugs of abuse from hair, 2nd International Meeting on Clinical and Forensic Aspects of Hair Analysis, National Institute on Drug Abuse. Special Publication, submitted, 1995. Welch, M.J., Sniegoski, L.T., Allgood, C.C., Habram M., Hair analysis for drugs of abuse evaluation of analytical methods, environmental issues, and development of reference materials, /. Anal. Toxicol, 17(6), 389-398, 1993. 

Nakahara, Y., Ochiai, T., Kikura, R., Hair analysis for drugs of abuse. V. The facility in incorporation of cocaine into hair over its major metabolites, benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester. Arch. Toxicol, 66, 446-449, 1992. 

Hair analysis for drugs of abuse provides long-term information on an individual s drug use its surveillance window is limited only by the t3q e and length of hair and typically ranges from a week to several months. In this respect, hair analysis is complementary to urinalysis which primarily identifies recent drug use, i.e., that which has occurred during the past few days. 

Baumgartner WA, HiU VA. Hair analysis for drugs of abuse Decontamination issues. In Sunshine I ed. Recent developments in therapeutic drug monitoring and clinical toxicology. New York Marcel Dekker Inc, 1992 577-97. 

Harkey MR, Henderson GL. Hair analysis for drugs of abuse. In Baselt RC, ed. Advances in analytical toxicology Vol 11. Chicago, Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc, 1989 298-329. 

Nakahara Y, Kikura R. Hair analysis for drugs of abuse. XIX. Determination of ephedrine and its homologs in rat hair and human hair. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 1997 700 83-91. 

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