Haemopoiesis

Van Den Heuvel RL. 1990. Bone marrow from Balb/c mice radio contaminated with 241 Am in utero shows a deficient in vitro haemopoiesis. Int J Radiat Biol 57(1) 103-115. 

The details of haemopoiesis presented thus far prompt two very important questions (1) How is the correct balance between stem cell self-renewal and differentiation maintained (2) What forces exist that regulate the process of differentiation The answer to both questions, in particular the latter, is beginning to emerge in the form of a group of cytokines termed haemopoietic growth factors . This group includes ... 

The interleukin family of cytokines has been overviewed in Chapter 9, and a number of cytokines are known to influence haemopoiesis. The IL-3 receptor, for example, is found on a wide variety of progenitor haemopoietic cells, and appears to stimulate not only CFU-GEMM, but also the precursor cells of basophils, eosinophils and platelets. The role of IL-11, which also plays a role, was also discussed in Chapter 9. 

Proliferation/differentiation factor of haemopoietic progenitor cells, particularly those yielding neutrophils (a variety of granulocyte) and macrophages, but also eosinophils, erythrocytes and megakarycytes. In vivo studies also demonstrate this cytokine s ability to promote haemopoiesis. 

Dexter T. (1982). Stromal cell associated haemopoiesis, J. Cellular Physiology (suppl.) 1, 87-94. D jakonov L.P., Sit kov V.l. Animal ceU in culture (2000) Methods and apphcation in... 

The data obtained have shown that l-(chloromethyl)silatrane produces a favourable effect on the physiological processes in the organism of fowl. It increases the viability, stimulates the function of haemopoiesis thus raising the number of erythrocytes and the amount of haemoglobin. Administration of 1-(chloromethyl)silatrane stimulates metabolic reactions in the organism thus increasing the metabolism of protein, lipids, carbohydrates and phosphorus-calcium. 

Reid CD. 1997. The dendritic cell lineage in haemopoiesis. Br J Hematol. 96 217-223. 

The process of erythropoiesis has been reviewed by Harrison (1976, 1977) and Orkin (1978) and more recently Metcalf (1989) has reviewed haemopoiesis from the molecular point of view. Erythroid cells together with the other blood cells are derived from a common haematopoietic stem cell. After commitment to the erythroid lineage the stem cells proliferate for a few generations when they become sensitive to the hormone erythropoietin which increases the proliferation of committed erythroid stem cells and proerythroblasts which then differentiate into mature erythroid cells containing haemoglobin. 

Graham, G. J. (1997) Growth inhibitors in haemopoiesis and leukaemogenesis, in Molecular Haemopoiesis (Whetton, A. D., ed.), Baillieres Clinical Haematology. 10, 539-559. 

In chronic haemolytic states, where erythropoiesis is accelerated, and in myelofibrosis, where haemopoiesis is inefficient, folate requirement is increased. Extensive shedding of skin cells in exfoliative dermatitis, inflammatory states, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, and malignant disease (lymphoma), can similarly lead to folate deficiency. Folate loss during chronic haemodialysis may be sufficient to require replacement. 

Intrahepatic haemopoiesis is a physiological process in foetuses and neonates. From 6 to 24 week of pregnancy, haemopoiesis takes place in the liver (and spleen) in a diffuse manner within the sinusoids. Thereafter, focal haemopoiesis may still continue in the liver up to about the second week of life. 

Fig. 38.1 Extramedullary haemopoiesis in the liver with erythro-poiesis precursors and intrasinusoidal megakaryocyte ( ) due to the so-called marrow-replacement syndrome or chronic myeloproliferative disease (HE)...

Liver involvement in Osier-Vaquez disease is rare or not detectable at all. There is, however, evidence of hepato-splenomegaly due to extramedullary haemopoiesis. Of importance here is the association with Budd-Chiari syndrome and veno-occlusive disease. Polycythaemia vera should be considered in cases of aetiologically unclarified portal vein thrombosis. 

Jensen PD, Heickendorff L, Pedersen B, Bendix-Hansen K, Jensen FT, Christensen T, Boesen AM, Ellegaard J. The effect of iron chelation on haemopoiesis in MDS patients with transfusional iron overload. Br J Haematol 1996 94(2) 288-99. 

Vitamin Bij (cyanocobalamin extrinsic factor) is required in folate metabolism for DNA synthesis, and a deficiency leads to pernicious anaemia. It is used to supplement the diet after certain operations that remove the site of production of intrinsic factor, such as total gastrectomy. Deficiency causes megaloblastic haemopoiesis in which there is a marked disorder of formation of erythroblasts, and can be rectified by giving hydroxocobalamin. 

The peak of histidine decarboxylase activity in foetal rat liver coincides. approximately with that of haemopoietic activity . Subsequently, the bone marrow of the adult rat was found to contain a specific histidine decarboxylase Table 4.4), thus supporting the possibility of a connection between haemopoiesis and the formation of histamine . Histidine decarboxylase also occurs in the bone marrow of the guinea-pig this enzyme activity, which was shown to be related to the number of basophils, does not, however, support a relationship between histidine decarboxylase activity and growth, since the basophils in the buffy layer of guinea-pig blood have also a considerable histamine-forming capacity, but contain no cells in mitosis . ... 

Metcalf, D. and Moore, M.A.S. (1971) Embryonic aspects of haemopoiesis. In A. Neuberger and E.L. Tatum (Eds.), Haemopoietic Cells, North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 70-271. 

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