H-coal processes

The process conditions (which may be on the order of 345°C-370°C [650°F-700°F]) can be altered appropriately to produce different product slates (Table 19.8). For example, synthetic crude production usually requires higher temperatures and higher hydrogen (partial) pressures than the process conditions for the production of low-sulfur residual oils. This latter operational mode requires that less hydrogen be consumed. In this respect, it must be remembered that the H-Coal process can require as much as 20,000 ft hydrogen per ton of coal processed. 

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Table 7. Properties of Syncrude from H-Coal Process ...

G. A. Johnson and co-workers, "Present Status of the H-Coal Process," paper 30, IGT Coal Symposium, Chicago, 1973. 

Several processes progressed to demonstration scales but have not been commercialized, primarily because of economic inabiHty to compete with available petroleum products. The H-Coal process developed by Hydrocarbon Research, Inc. was demonstrated at Catiettsburg, Kentucky using a 545 t/d plant and DOE support. The Exxon donor solvent Hquefaction process was not commercialized either. 

The H-Coal process could operate in one of two modes, depending on the desired product slate. In the "syn-cmde" mode, a fluid-bed coking unit was employed to maximize recovery of distillate from the Hquefaction product (Fig. 7a). When operated in the fuel oil mode (Fig. 7b), no coker was used and the primary product was a coal-derived low sulfur fuel oil. Total hydrogen demand on the process was also reduced in the latter mode of operation. 

Fig. 7. H-Coal process using Illinois No. 6 coal (a) in syncmde mode, and (b) in low sulfur fuel oil mode. To convert to Btu, multiply by 6.48 x lO ". To convert m to bbl, multiply by 6.29. To convert m to standard cubic feet (SCF), multiply by 35.3...

The development of three-phase reactor technologies in the 1970 s saw renewed interest in the synthetic fuel area due to the energy crisis of 1973. Several processes were developed for direct coal liquefaction using both slurry bubble column reactors (Exxon Donor Solvent process and Solvent Refined Coal process) and three-phase fluidized bed reactors (H-Coal process). These processes were again shelved in the early 1980 s due to the low price of petroleum crudes. 

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) HCFC-225ca, 73 725 HCFC-225cb, 73 725 HCFC blowing agents, 25 469 HCG P-HCG (beta subunit human chorionic gonadotropin), 9 64 H-Coal process, 6 766, 838-841 HCV. See Hepatitis C virus (HBV)... 

Comoli, Alfred G. Battista, Carmine A. Johanson, Edwin S. Laird, Carol P., "Development and Demonstration of the H-Coal Process," paper presented at the Division of Petroleum Chemistry, American Chemical Society Meeting, Miami,... 

The H-Cocd Process, based on H-Oil technology, was developed by Hydrocarbon Research, Inc. (HRI). The heart of the process was a three-phase, ebullated-bed reactor in which catalyst pellets were fluidized by the upward flow of slurry and gas through the reactor. The reactor contained an internal tube for recirculating the reaction mixture to the bottom of the catalyst bed. Catalyst activity in the reactor was maintained by the withdrawal of small quantities of spent catalyst and the addition of fresh catalyst. The addition of a catalyst to the reactor is the main feature which distinguishes the H-Coal Process from the typical process. 

In ebullating bed reactor, such as the H-coal process, Ni-Mo or Co-Mo alumina catalysts have been used (96). The catalyst definitely improves the oil yields by accentuating aromatic hydrocracking, achieving conversions around 95% at catalyst make-up rates of 1 3%. 

This chapter reports results of a similar study to determine the feasibility of converting solvent refined coal (SRC) to transportation fuels. The next chapter discusses upgrading of H-Coal process products. 

Another route used to liquefy coal is the H-Coal process, which was developed by Hydrocarbon Research Institute. It differs from the SRC-II process in that a catalyst is employed in the liquefaction step. (1,2) Several recent upgrading studies on this material have again shown the importance of hydrotreating ... 

Inc., supplied the H-Coal process products used as feedstocks in this program. The results reported here were obtained under DOE Contract EF-76-C-01-2315. 

Hoertz, C. D. and Swan, J. C., "The H-Coal Process," Coal Conversion Technology, ACS Symposium Series 110, edited by A. H. Pelofsky, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1979 pp 91-101. 

HDN as applied to coal liquefaction can be performed either during the liquefaction process itself or by hydrotreatment of the released oil. In H-Coal and Synthoil processes4 19,68d the coal is directly in contact with CoMo or NiMo catalysts in the H-Coal process, a slurry of H2, coal, ex-coal oil, and... 

The H-Coal process is a development of Hydrocarbon Research Inc. (HRI). It converts coal by catalytic hydrogenation to substitutes for petroleum ranging from a low sulfur fuel oil to an all distillate synthetic crude, the latter representing a potential source of raw material for the petrochemical industry. The process is a related application to HRI s H-Oil process which is used commercially for the desulfurization of residual oils from crude oil refining. 

The reactor is the key to the versatility of the H-Coal process. Figure 3 is a simplified diagram of the reactor. The concept involves a catalyst bed that is kept in an expanded or ebullated state by charging the feed and additional recycle oil to the bottom of the reactor. The products, including unreacted coal and ash, flow through the catalyst and are removed from the reactor at a point above the top of the catalyst bed. An external separator removes gaseous products and recycle hydrogen from the liquid. 

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