Gut, epithelial cells

Mayer, L. and Schlien, R. (1987) Evidence for function of la molecules on gut epithelial cells in man. Journal of Experimental Medicine 166, 1471-1483. 

Ovelgonne, J.H., Koninkx, J.F.J.G., Pusztai, A. et al. 2000. Decreased level of heat shock proteins in gut epithelial cells after exposure to plant lectins. Gut 46 679-687. 

D. A palmitate residue attached to carbon 1 of a dietary triacylglycerol is released by pancreatic lipase and carried from the intestinal lumen to the gut epithelial cell in a bile salt micelle. 

Thereafter the ookinete encounters the microvillar network and binds to the mid-gut epithelium. Although there are an array of possible receptors on the mid-gut epithelial cells little is known about their significance other than that sialic acid-like moieties are involved in the binding of the ookinete to the isolated mid-gut epithelium and that these interactions are blocked by the expression of the peptide SMI (PCQRAIFQSCIN) (Ito et ah, 2002) or pre-treatment of the epithelium with snake or bee venom phospholipase 2 (Moreira et ah, 2002 Zieler et ah, 2001). 

The transport of the products of digestion into gut epithelial cells and from there to the portal blood is termed absorption. The absorption of some nutrients is passive while others require active transport. 

A molecule of palmitic acid, attached to carbon 1 of the glycerol moiety of a triacylglycerol, is ingested and digested. It passes into the blood, is stored in a fat cell, and ultimately is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water in a muscle cell. Choose the molecular complex in the blood in which the palmitate residue is carried from the lumen of the gut to the surface of the gut epithelial cell. 

GILLIES, P., SMITH, H., VAN OMMEN B., STIERUM R.,Nutrigenomic profiling of soy isoflavones A comparison of the effects of genistein and daidzein on a human gut epithelial cell-line transcriptome, 5" International Symposium on the Role of Soy in Preventing and Treating Chronic Disease, September 21-24, 2003, www.aocs.org. 

A number of reviews and studies have been published dealing with the potential health and nutritional benefits of EPSs from LAB in fermented dairy products for example, EPSs from LAB have been associated with various health benefits, such as the lowering of cholesterol (Liu et al., 2006 Maeda, Zhu, Omura, Suzuki, Kitamura, 2004 Nakajima, Suzuki, Hirota, 1992), anti-hypertensive effects (Maeda, Zhu, Suzuki, Suzuki, Kitamura, 2004), anticarcinogenic effects (Furukawa, Takahashi, Yamanaka, 1996 Kitazawa et al., 1991) and immunomodulatory activity (Chabot et al., 2001 Nishimura-Uemura et al., 2003 Vinderola, Matar, Palacios, Perdigon, 2007). Apart from these effects, there also appears be a complex web of interactions between LAB EPSs and human gut microbiota, some enteric pathogens and toxins, and gut epithelial cells and the immune system the discussion that follows presents evidence for health and nutritional benefits that are potentially derived from these relationships. 

Berruyer, C., Pouyet, L., Millet, V., Martin, F.M., LeGoffic, A., Canonici, A., Garcia, S., Bagnis, C., Naquet, P., and Galland, F., 2006. Vanin-1 licenses inflammatory mediator production by gut epithelial cells and controls colitis by antagonizing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor y activity. The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 203 2817-2827. 

Glyceride synthesis by membranous structures derived from rat-gut epithelial cells. 

The purpose of this clinical study was to investigate and evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of a tannic-acid-based medical food, Cesinex (registered name), in fhe freatment of diarrhoea and to investigate the mechanism underlying the antidiarrhoeal effect [84 ]. The product was prescribed to six children and four adults witii diarrhoea. Patients records were retrospectively reviewed for the primary outcome. Cesinex and its major component, tannic acid, were tested for their effects on cholera-toxin-induced intestinal fluid secretion in mice. Polarised human gut epithelial cells (HT29-CL19A cells) were used to investigate the effects of fannic acid on epifhelial barrier properties, transepithelial chloride secretion and cell viability. 

Figure 3. Metabolic characteristics of DAG in comparison with TAG. Both TAG and 1,2-DAG break down in the small intestine to form 2-MAG before being re-esterified in gut epithelial cells to re-form TAG, which circulate in lymph chylomicrons. 1,3-DAG is broken down to form l(or 3)-MAG or glycerol, which are poorly re-esterified compared with 2-MAG.

Another potential explanation for the imique epidemiology of human botulism was provided in a study of botulinum toxin binding and transcytosis across polarized monolayers of two hiunan colon carcinoma cell lines (T-84 and Caco-2). Substantial binding of iodinated BoNT/A and BoNT/B to hiunan colon carcinoma cells was observed, while minimal binding of type Cl neuro-toxin was detected (Maksymowych and Simpson, 1998). Both type A and B neurotoxins were also efficiently taken up, transcytosed, and released, by the polarized human carcinoma cells, whereas minimal transcytosis of type Cl neurotoxin was observed. The patterns of neurotoxin transcytosis (A and B, but not Cl) observed in these human gut epithelial cell lines correlate with human susceptibility to foodbome botulism (Maksymowych and... 

Transwell experiments were also performed to investigate BoNT / A transcytosis across a human pulmonary adenocarcinoma cell line (Calu-3), the MDCK cell line, and a primary rat alveolar epithelial cell line (Park and Simpson, 2003). Efficient BoNT/A transcytosis in both directions across polarized Calu-3 monolayers was observed, while toxin transcytosis occurred at a much lower rate across MDCK cells. These findings were in agreement with previous work demonstrating that the efficiency of BoNT/A transcytosis across MEXZK mono-layers was much lower than that observed across gut epithelial cells (Maksymowych and Simpson, 1998). BoNT/ A transcytosis was also observed across primary rat alveolar cells, although at a slightly slower rate than that seen for the human adenocarcinoma cells (Park... 

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