Gum base

Fa.tMimetics. Existing fat mimetics are either carbohydrate-, ceUulosic (fiber)-, protein-, or gum-based. These are used in a wide variety of appHcations including baked goods, salad dressings, frozen desserts, meats, confections, and dairy products. Table 3 Hsts some of the commercially available fat mimetics. 

Tradblazer whey/milk protein Gum-based mimetics Kraft General Foods... 

Terpene resins, because of their low odor and acceptable FDA clearance, are used as tackifiers for the natural and synthetic gum bases used in chewing gum. Selected petroleum resins are also used as gum bases. 

Gandy. In confections (1% lecithin) made with oil or fat, lecithin emulsifies and distributes fat ia caramels, nut britties, nougats, etc it also prevents fat separation and gteasiaess. It has a fixative action for flavors (35) (see Flavors and spices). Also, lecithin is an emulsifier and conditioning agent for chewing gum base. 

Vinyl acetate polymers have long been used as chewing gum bases. They have been studied as controUed release agents for programmed administration of dmgs and as a base for antifouling marine paints (166,167). 

Polyisobutylene and isobutylene—isoprene copolymers are considered to have no chronic hazard associated with exposure under normal industrial use. Some grades can be used in chewing-gum base, and are regulated by the PDA in 21 CPR 172.615. Vulcanized products prepared from butyl mbber or halogenated butyl mbber contain small amounts of toxic materials as a result of the particular vulcanization chemistry. Although many vulcanizates are inert, eg, zinc oxide cured chlorobutyl is used extensively in pharmaceutical stoppers, specific recommendations should be sought from suppHers. 

An alternative chewing gum base is obtained from jelutong, a mixture of polyisoprene and resin obtained from latex of the Dyera costulata. This tree is found in many countries but Borneo is the principal commercial source. At one time jelutong was an important rubber substitute and 40000 tons were produeed in 1910. Production in recent years has been of the order of 5000 tons per annum, mainly for chewing gum. 

In the pharmaceutical field, agar is commonly the base colloid for stabilizing mineral oil in water emulsions, used for laxative purposes. The concentration of agar is kept below the gel point, so that the emulsion will pour. Other gums, like tragacanth, Irish moss extract, or carboxymethylcellulose, may replace the agar, where desired. Usually, from 0.5 to 0.8% of the gum, based upon the weight of the aqueous phase, suffices to protect this type of emulsion, which is somewhat of a neutral variety. 

Kotb, A.K. and Kasraie, B. "Laboratory Investigation of Damage from Guar Gum Base Gels," SPE paper 3660, 1971 SPE Appalachian Section, Charleston, November 4-5. 

Tocopherols are not as effective as antioxidants as the synthetic antioxidants, e.g. BHA or BHT. The antioxidant effect of tocopherols is increased by mixing them with ascorbyl palmitate, ascorbic acid, lecithin or citric acid. Typical confectionery applications are the use of tocopherols with ascorbyl palmitate or lecithin or citric acid in the fat phase of toffees or caramels. Chewing gum base can be treated with a- and y-tocopherol to extend the shelf life. 

Bulking agents (component of chewing gum base, filler)... 

A classical application of PIB is a chewing gum. There are still innovations in this topic. Chewing gum base compositions that produce gum bases and chewing gums having reduced adhesion to outdoor surfaces as compared to typical chewing gum compositions have been recently developed (81). 

There have been attempts in the past to formulate removable chewing gum bases and chewing gum compositions. For example, a non-stick chewing gum may contain a blend of different molecular weight poly(vinyl acetate), filler, non-elastomer solvent resin, and is essentially free of fats and waxes (82). In Table 6.8 a chewing gum cud formulation is given, which can be easily removed from surfaces. 

Himol Nippon Petrochemicals Medical adhesive material, chewing gum base ingredient... 

D. Phillips, C. Shen, M. Reed, and M. Patel, Chewing gum base and chewing gum compositions, US Patent 6986907, assigned to Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company (Chicago, IL), January 17, 2006. 

Existing lal mimelies are either carbohydrate-, cellulosic (fiber)-, protein-, or gum based. 

A number of patented technologies for multiparticulate dosage forms have been described recently, such as the Micropump system, which is an osmotically driven coated microparticle system designed to increase the absorption time for rapidly absorbed drugs.59 Combination of water-soluble and water-insoluble polymers could provide enhanced controlled release rates and profiles. A patented technology (COSRx) has been reported to be capable of delivering various sophisticated release profiles. The formulation involves a guar-gum-based tablet and a combination of water-soluble and water-insoluble polymeric tablet coat.60... 

Typical applications, which replace batch processes with continuous kneading, cooking, and reacting, include chewing gum (gum base, final mixture), candy and toffee mixtures, licorice and fruit gum strands, expanded crispies for bars, filled extrudates with chocolate and yogurt, and the chocolate industry. 

The Fischer indole synthesis itself is catalysed in this case by polyphosphoric acid (PPA), a sticky gum based on phosphoric acid (H3PO4) but dehydrated so that it contains some oligomers. It is often used as a catalyst in organic reactions and residues are easily removed in water. 

Function Masticatory substance in chewing gum base. REQUIREMENTS... 

Function Texturizing and release agent and modifier for chewing gum base and chewing gum. 

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