Guild system

The guild system] involves relations between buyers and sellers. Wages are paid and masters, journeymen and apprentices encounter each other as free persons. .. The master does indeed own the conditions of production - tools, materials etc. (although the tools may be owned by the journeyman too) - and he owns the product. To that extent he b a capitalist. ... 

In fact, on the structural definition of capitalism proposed by Cohen, the medieval master was a capitalist. At any given time one could observe private property of the means of production on the one hand, private property of labour-power on the other. This definition, however, is too narrow, since the relations of production must be defined dynamicaliy. In addition to private property and wage labour, capitalism is characterized by the free mobility of capital and labour, which is precisely what was lacking in the guild system. To differentiate between the two systems, one must consider not only their possible states, but also the possible changes that can occur from one moment to another. 

Summing up, the relations of production are defined in terms of (i) the relation of the producers to the means of production and their own labour-power, (ii) the nature of the non-producing owners, if any, and (iii) the rules governing acquisition and transfer of property. Hence both the Asiatic mode of production and the guild system are specific forms of the relations of production that differ from the usual triad of slavery, serfdom and capitalism. The Asiatic mode differs from serfdom with respect to the nature of the non-producing owner, and the guild system differs from capitalism with respect to the mobility of capital and labour. 

Fig. 2.9 Nasal chemoreceptive systems (Terminalis MOS and AOS) in neonate Rabbit. CP = cribriform plate F = forebrain GT = ganglion terminale NT(SNT) = Nervus terminalis ON = olfactory nvs. and F = forebrain (after Huber and Guild, 1913).

The German guild of chimney cleaners states that in 1998 chimneys of more than 12 million gas boilers have been checked concerning the CO concentration in the flue. In 616,000 boiler systems the CO concentration was between 500 to 1000 ppm (maintenance recommended). In 375,000 cases the CO content amounted to more than 1000 ppm (complaint). It is estimated that in the USA 1,600 deaths occur yearly due to CO-intoxication [18]. 

Cardiovascular Effects. Most studies of humans exposed to carbon tetrachloride by inhalation have not detected significant evidence of cardiovascular injury, even at exposure levels sufficient to markedly injure the liver and/or kidney. Changes in blood pressure, heart rate, or right- sided cardiac dilation have sometimes, but not always, been observed (Ashe and Sailer 1942 Guild et al. 1958 Kittleson and Borden 1956 Stewart et al. 1961 Umiker and Pearce 1953), and are probably secondary either to fluid and electrolyte retention resulting from renal toxicity, or to central nervous system effects on the heart or blood vessels. Carbon tetrachloride also may have the potential to induce cardiac arrhythmias by sensitizing the heart to epinephrine, as has been reported for various chlorinated hydrocarbon propellants (Reinhardt et al. 1971). 

Ingestion of concentrated solutions of carbon tetrachloride can cause death in humans within hours to days. The principal clinical signs observed in fatal cases include gastrointestinal irritation, central nervous system depression and cardiovascular disturbances, with death usually resulting from severe injury to kidney and/or liver (Guild et al. 1958 reviewed in von Oettingen 1964). 

The degree of 15N enrichment between particulate organic matter (POM) and consumers can be used to accurately estimate trophic level (47, 49). Thus isotopic studies permit identification of consumer groups that form nutritional guilds via 13C and analyses, while establishing trophic-level interactions within these groups via 15N analyses. To date, very few combined 13C and 15N analyses of trophic structure in freshwater systems have been published (47, 50-52). 

The model, as simple as can be made, illustrates how bacterial productivity and enzyme activity can be modulated by rates of DOC input from varied sources through competitive selection. As the relative abundance of the two guilds changes in response to DOM inputs, biotic parameters (productivity, growth efficiency, and ectoenzyme kinetics) vary widely, while RDOC and LDOC concentrations remain comparatively static. This outcome is consistent with field observations from freshwater systems,... 

Humic substances are abundant in DOM as well as POM, but the role of phenol oxidases in DOM metabolism has been little studied (Munster and De Haan, 1998). Foreman (1999) found that phenol oxidase activity in water from five contrasting Michigan streams was correlated with phenol concentration and that bacterial production in systems with significant humic DOC input was stimulated by the addition of phenols, suggesting that phenols may be an important growth substrate for some bacterial guilds. 

Swimmer, C., Lehar, S.M., McCafferty, 1., ChisweU, D.J., Blattner, W.A., and Guild, B.C. (1992). Phage display of ricin B chain and its single binding domains system for screening galactose-binding mutants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 3756 3760. 

Large-scale industry] produced a mass of productive forces, for which private property became just as much a fetter as the guild had been for manufacture and the small rural workshop for the developing handicrafts. These productive forces receive under the system of private property a one-sided development only, and for the majority they become destructive forces moreover, a great many of these forces can And no application at all within the system of private property. ... 

Japan has a long tradition in the fermentation industry to produce rice wine sake and a variety of fermented foodstuffs such as fermented soy sauce shoyu . Before introduction of modern science and technology at the end of the last century, engineer s guilds in the brewing manufacturers had established a sophisticated system of rational technologies, even empirically. The best example is the sake brewing process, in which saccharification of rice starch by amylases... 

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