Growth granulocyte colony-stimulating

G-CSF Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor GDP Guanosine 5 -diphosphate GEC Glomerular epithelial cell GF-1 An insulin-like growth factor GFR Glomerular filtration rate... 

Rourke, A.M., Y. Cha, and D. Collins. 1996. Stabilization of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and structurally analogous growth factors by anionic phospholipids. Biochemistry 35 11913-11917. 

Jones CE, Chan K Interleukin-17 stimulates the expression of interleukin-8, growth-related oncogene-alpha, and granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor by human airway epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002 26 748-753. 

Numerous other peptides and proteins have been, or are still in development as inhalation products with the objective of systemic absorption. Examples of these are calcitonin, LH-RH antagonists, recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and growth hormone. 

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF)—cytokines that stimulate the growth of granulocytic leukocytes... 

Fig. 11.2. Domain structure of cytokine receptors. Schematic representation of the domain structure of selected cytokine receptors. WS motif conserved WSXWS sequence (W tryptophan S serine X non-conserved amino add) IL interleukin EpoR receptor for erythropoietin GHR growth hormone receptor LIF-R leukemia inhibitory factor receptor G-CSFR granulocyte colony stimulating factor receptor IFNR interferon receptor TNFR tumor necrosis factor receptor NGFR nerve growth factor receptor Fas, CD40 transmembrane receptors of lymphocytes.

Based on the finding that IL-2, IL-12, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) can enhance the ADCC activities of effector cells (73), several trials have demonstrated improved activity of effector cells by administration of cytokines or growth factor (54,74). However,... 

Ohki Y, Heissig B, Sato Y, Akiyama H, et al. 2005. Granulocyte colony stimulating factor promotes neovascularization by releasing vascular endothelial growth factor from neutrophils. FASEB J. 19 2005-2007. 

The first and the second approaches have provided some positive results but, unfortunately, they depend upon the structure of the protein. Typical examples of sequence modifications to improve stability and pharmacokinetics are the preparation of humanized antibodies, where part of the mouse sequence is substituted by the human form, and the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor muteins, where up to seven amino acids are substituted. Examples of truncated sequence proteins with improved characteristic are the 7-36 analogues of glucagon-like peptides or the 1-29 sequence growth hormone-releasing factor [1, 2]. 

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