Group 11 elements deposition

Cawthom RG (2010) The platinum group element deposits of the Bushveld Complex in South Africa. Platinum Met Rev 54(4) 205-215... 

In addition to the establishment and understanding of activity trends on nanosegregated surfaces, it has been anticipated that finding relationships between chemical and electronic properties of thin metal films of Pt group metals deposited over 3d and 5d elements has the potential to open up new opportunities in the quest to... 

Naldrett, A.J., Platinum Group Elements, In (Cabri, L.J. ed) Deposits of Platinum Group Elements Mineralogy, Geology and Recovery. Johannesburg, South Africa, CIM Special Volume 23, Chapter 10, pp. 198-230, 1981. 

Barnes, S.J., Prichard, H.P., Cox, R.A., Fisher, P.C., Godel, B. 2008. The location of the chalcophile and siderophile elements in platinum-group elements ore deposits (a textural, microbeam and whole rock geochemical study) Implication for the formation of ore deposits. Chemical Geology, 248, 295-317. 

Quantitative mass balance of platinum-group elements in the Kelly Lake Ni-Cu-PGE deposit. Copper Cliff Offset, Sudbury. Economic Geology, 100, 1631-1646. 

The same group also deposited (Cd,Pb)S using a flow system [24]. In this case, metal cyanamides were not detected by XRD, presumably because the flow system removed the cyanamide. The rate of flow affected the crystal size Larger flow rate resulted in finer-grained deposits. Elemental analysis and XRD showed the incorporation of Cd in the films, again up to ca. 10%, as a solid solution. 

Platinum-190 decays to 186Os by emission of an a-particle. Both are platinum-group elements and thus the system has potential use for iron meteorites and PGE-bearing mineral deposits. Walker et al. (1997) determined the decay constant of 190Pt (X =(1.542 0.015) x 10 12 yr half-life =4.5 x 1011 years) and established parameters for... 

In a limestone deposit at Kinnekulle, Sweden, a remarkable collection of more than 40 highly altered meteorites (Fig. 9.18) totaling 7.7 kg have been collected during routine guarrying operations (Schmitz etal., 1997,2001,2003). The 3.2-m-thick limestone layer in which they are found was deposited over -1.75 Myr in the mid-Ordovician. Despite being almost completely replaced by calcite, barite, and phyllosilicates, the meteorites are easily identified by their chondritic texture. Their identification as meteorites is confirmed by measurements of platinum-group elements. The chemical characteristics of relict spinels indicate that they are either L or LL chondrites. 

Cave R. R., Ravizza G. E., German C. R., Thomson J., and Nesbitt R. W. (2003) Deposition of osmium and other platinum-group elements beneath the ultramafic-hosted rainbow hydrothermal plume. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 210, 65-79. 

Certain elements, such as W, Mo, Ge and P cannot be deposited alone from their aqueous solutions. Nevertheless, they may readily be codeposited with iron-group elements. The term induced codeposition was coined by Brenner in 1963 to describe a situation where... 

Metal oxides display a variety of unique physical and chemical properties and are employed in numerous technological applications (Table 7-1). Chemical vapor deposition has been used widely for the preparation of metal oxide thin films [10, 13]. The following section summarizes the preparation of several transition metal and main group element oxides by CVD. 

Stuben, D., Glasby, GP, Eckhardt, J.-D., Berner, Z., Mountain, B.W. and Usui, A., 1999. Enrichments of platinum-group elements in hydrogenous, diagenetic and hydrothermal marine manganese and iron deposits. Exploration and Mining Geology, 8 233-250. 

Clay Mineralogy. Hydrothermal Vent Deposits. Platinum Group Elements and their Isotopes in the Ocean. Pore Water Chemistry. Rare Earth Elements and their Isotopes in the Ocean. River Inputs. Tracers of Ocean Productivity. Transition Metals and Heavy Metal Speciation. Uranium-Thorium Decay Series in the Oceans Overview. 

The electrochemical deposition of a metallic-ruthenium film is very difficult compared with that of other platinum-group elements [46, 61, 91-93]. One of the reasons may be related to the comphcated electrochemistry of ruthenium deposition and the stability of the Ru-chloro complex [92]. For example, it has been reported that the RuCfi species in HCIO4 solution is decomposed partly into RuO +, in which Ru(IV) is present [94]. 

Earlier published reactions of PH3 with organometallic compounds are covered in Phosphor C, 1965, p. 48. A large series of reactions of PH3 with certain organyl-substituted compounds of the main group elements which were claimed to be suitable for the deposition of a variety of films or layers mainly of phosphides on different substrates are covered in Section 1.3.1.6, pp. 293/308. 

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