Ground-based observation

Bojkov, R. D., The 1979-1985 Ozone Decline in the Antarctic As Reflected in Ground Based Observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, 1236-1239 (1986). 

Wickramasinghe, N. C. 1970, in Ultraviolet Stellar Spectra and Related Ground-Based Observations, ed. L. Houziaux H. E. Butler, Reidel, 42 19. 

Technology in mm-wave detection in the 200 to 400 GHz range has also advanced in the past three years to the point where temporal resolution from ground based observations has improved to such an extent that the diurnal behavior of several key radicals can be achieved. The most notable example is that by de Zafra ([14] who has reported vertical column CIO... 

On the whole observation of H3 emission has emerged as a useful ground-based observational method for the study of plasma activities in the outer planets. 

Fujiwara M., Kita K., Kawakami S., Ogawa T., Komala N., Saraspriya S., and Suripto A. (1999) Tropospheric ozone enhancements during the Indonesian forest fire events in 1994 and in 1997 as revealed by ground-based observations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 2417-2420. 

The main reason that Mercury does not have a distinctive atmosphere is that it is small and because it is close to the Sun. Mercury s small radius indicates that it has a low escape velocity, just 2.5 mi (4.2 km)/sec. Mariner 10 did detect a very thin atmosphere of hydrogen and helium on Mercury. It is believed, however, that Mercury s wispy atmosphere is composed of atoms that have been temporarily captured from the solar wind. Ground-based observations have found that a sodium and potassium atmosphere exists on the daylight side of Mercury. These atoms are probably released through the interaction of ultraviolet radiation with surface rocks. 

Fig. 16-2 Depletion of Antarctic ozone during October between 1956 and 1985. Adapted from Stolarski (1988). Dobson data are from ground-based observations with the permission of John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

If aU assumptions are correct, the estimation by Eq. (52) should be close to the assumed A significant increase of the estimated " over expected can be considered as an indication of unaccounted biases and/or inadequate assumptions about random errors in measurements or a priori data sets. The consistency checks relying on estimates " from the residual commonly is used in remote sensing and other applications. For example, the effects of unaccounted biases in both measurements and forward modeling on retrievals of aerosol properties from ground-based observations using the residuals in observation fits have been analyzed [8]. 

Mishchenko [38] retrieved essentially the same values from analyses of the same ground-based observations while taking mnltiple scattering into accoimt rigorously. By assuming a gamma size distribution, he found that riy = 1.39 -0.01, Teff = 0.39 - 0.08 micrometers, and v ff = 0.45. For the log normal size distribution assumed in [58], one may use the following formulas ... 

HUDSON (1975) has investigated practical detection possibilities of temperature contrasts and finds a threshold of < 5K at 20y for ground based observations limited by atmospheric fluctuations, and of -30K at 350y, limited by atmospheric extinction. These values would be somewhat reduced with space observations. This author has observed only one sub-flare, but his threshold values show that detectability of synchrotron radiation and white light continuum should be within reach in the present cycle of the Sun. 

Recent discoveries by ground based observations, as well as the Corot and Kepler space-missions, found planets with masses below 10 MEarth and densities akin to Neptune as well as Earth, suggesting that there is not one cut-off mass above which a planet is like Neptune and below which it is rocky like Earth or Venus. Note that the term Mini-Neptune is used for small extrasolar giant planets, not mini-Uranus, even though Uranus is the less massive planet (17.1 and 14.5 Earth masses. 

The wavelength region between 5 and 8 /rm is blocked from ground-based observation due to atmospheric absorption. Therefore not much attention has been paid to that particular region, although it is available via space... 

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