Gross method

Liposomes can be created by shaking or sonicating phospholipids in water. Low shear rates create multilamellar liposomes, which have many layers like an onion. Continued high-shear sonication tends to form smaller unilamellar liposomes. In this technique, the liposome contents are the same as the contents of the aqueous phase. Sonication is generally considered a gross method of preparation, and newer methods such as extrusion are employed to produce materials for human use. 

HAAs HPLC with (i) UV detection at 263 nm (ii) ED at 950 mV (iii) fluori-metric detection at 450 nm (Aex = 360 nm). LiChrosorb RP-Select B column. Mobile phase NH4 (acetate) (pH = 4.5), MeOH, ACN in isocratic and gradient elution. Food flavors, meat extract Cleaning up using the Gross method (94). The spray-dried product was Soxhlet extracted, placed on Kie-selgur, and extracted with ethyl ether. Cleaning up by affinity chromatography on Cu-phthalocya-nine complex. 201... 

The routine or control tests mentioned in Chap. 3 are not entirely satisfactory for plant design or plant operation, and hence special distillations, vaporizations, and equipment have been developed by which the yields of the various products contained in a charge stock can be eval- uated. Admittedly many evaluation methods are approximate. They must be so because so many combinations of yields are possible and the market demand varies so rapidly that more precise methods would lead to endless testing. Nevertheless, the somewhat gross methods outlined here must always be used with caution, and they should be augmented at the first opportunity with more complete tests. 

Physical methods employ such techniques as heat, cold, immobilization, exercise, ultrasound, radiation, electroshock, and acupuncture. These are important modalities of treatment but are gross methods which do not deal directly with the specific biochemistry of a disease. 

Keywords deterministic methods, STOllP, GllP, reserves, ultimate recovery, net oil sands, area-depth and area-thickness methods, gross rock volume, expectation curves, probability of excedence curves, uncertainty, probability of success, annual reporting requirements, Monte-Carlo simulation, parametric method... 

Connecting the measured points will result in a curve describing the area - depth relationship of the top of fhe reservoir. If we know the gross thickness (H) from logs we can establish a second curve representing the area - depth plot for the base of the reservoir. The area between the two lines will equal the volume of rock between the two markers. The area above the OWC is the oil bearing GRV. The other parameters to calculate STOIIP can be taken as averages from our petrophysical evaluation (see Section 5.4.). Note that this method assumes that the reservoir thickness is constant across the whole field. If this is not a reasonable approximation, then the method is not applicable, and an alternative such as the area - thickness method must be used (see below). 

It is clear that if the area - depth method had been applied to the above example, it would have led to a gross over-estimation of STOMP. It would also have been impossible to target the best developed reservoir area with the next development well. 

This is the method used by the commercial software packages Crystal Ball and RISK . The method is ideally suited to computers as the description of the method will reveal. Suppose we are trying to combine two independent variables, say gross reservoir thickness and net-to-gross ratio (the ratio of the net sand thickness to the gross thickness of the reservoir section) which need to be multiplied to produce a net sand thickness. We have described the two variables as follows ... 

Sample Preparation Most analytical methods can be applied to analytes in a liquid or solution state. For this reason a gross sample of a liquid or solution does not need additional processing to bring it into a more suitable form for analysis. 

Illustration showing the method of coning and quartering as a means of reducing a gross sample for subsampling, (a) The gross sample is first piled into a cone and... 

Two samples taken from a single gross sample and used to evaluate an analytical method s precision. 

Analysis of Duplicate Samples An effective method for determining the precision of an analysis is to analyze duplicate samples. In most cases the duplicate samples are taken from a single gross sample (also called a split sample), although in some cases the duplicates must be independently collected gross samples. The results from the duplicate samples, Xi and X2, are evaluated by determining the difference, d, or the relative difference, d) between the samples... 

Correlation of markets for a product with external factors is a relatively quick and easy method of analysis, useful if the markets are correctable with factors such as population, gross national product (GNP), Federal Reserve Board (FRB), index, etc. 

M. Bodansky, Peptide Synthesis, 2nd ed., John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1976 J. Meinhofer in Ref. 1, Chapt. 9, p. 297 G. R. Pettit, Synthetic Peptides, Vols. 1—4, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1980, Vols. 5, 6, Elsevier New York, 1982 E. Shroeder and K. Luebke, The Peptide, Vol. 1, Methods of Peptide Synthesis, Academic Press, New York, 1965 N. Izumiya and co-workers. Fundamentals and Experiments of Peptide Synthesis (in Japanese), Mamzen, Tokyo, Japan, 1987 R. B. Merriheld,/ Mm. Chem. Soc. 85, 2149 (1963) G. Barany and R. B. Merriheld in E. Gross andj. Meinenhofer, eds.. The Peptides Mnalysis, Synthesis, Biology, Vol. 2, Academic Press, New York, 1980, pp. 1—284 G. R. Marshall, Peptides Chemistry and Biology, Escom, Leiden, The Netherlands, 1988. 

British Standard Methods for the Determination of Particle Sis e Powders, Part I, Subdivision of Gross Sample Down to 0.2 Milliliters, BS3406 Part I, British Standards, London, 1961. 

Gross-Sectional Shape. Fibers vary in cross-sectional shape both naturally and by design (1,2,19). Whereas wool fibers are essentially round, cotton fibers are eUiptical or kidney-shaped. In synthetic fibers, the cross-sectional shape is deterrnined by the method of spinning and the shape of the spinnerette hole through which the fiber is extmded (3,22). 

Peroxide Formation. Except for the methyl alkyl ethers, most ethers tend to absorb and react with oxygen from the air to form unstable peroxides that may detonate with extreme violence when concentrated by evaporation or distillation, when combined with other compounds that give a detonable mixture, or when disturbed by heat, shock, or friction. Appreciable quantities of crystalline soHds have been observed as gross evidence for the formation of peroxides, and peroxides may form a viscous Hquid in the bottom of ether-fiHed containers. If viscous Hquids or crystalline soHds are observed in ethers, no further tests for the detection of peroxides are recommended. Several chemical and physical methods for detecting and estimating peroxide concentrations have been described. Most of the quaHtative tests for peroxides are readily performed and strongly recommended when any doubt is present (20). 

The oceurrence of a large number of pyrazines as flavouring or aroma eonstituents and as pheromones in extremely low coneentrations has led to mass spectrometry being the method of ehoiee for determining the gross struetural details of a pyrazine nueleus. The method appears to be generally applieable and relatively specifie and sensitive. 

The hydrostatic test is, in one sense, a method of examination of a vessel. It can reveal gross flaws, inadequate design, and flange leaks. Many beheve that a hydrostatic test guarantees the safety of a vessel. This is not necessarily so. A vessel that has passed a hydrostatic test is probably safer than one that has not been tested. It can, however, stiU fail in service, even on the next appheation of pressure. Care in material selection, examination, and fabrication do more to guarantee vessel integrity than the hydrostatic test. 

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