Gross contact area

Gross contact area Total area under the loaded footprint. 

TABLE 14.3 Net-to-Gross Contact Area with Nature of Service [Ford and Charles, 1988 Clark, 1982]... 

Footprint length Footprint width Gross contact area Net contact area... 

Fig. 11 Calculated surface profiles of the octahedral shear stress at yield assuming a modified Von Mises criterion (a), and of the octahedral shear stress for a glass/epoxy contact under gross sliding condition (b). The grey area delimits the region at the leading edge of the contact where the octahedral shear stress is exceeding the limit octahedral shear stress at yield (a is the radius of the contact area) (from [97])...

Let us consider the rubbing face of a rider with a gross area which is subdivided into individual elements of area i, each of which is the site of an asperity contact area. The number of contact sites in the surface of the rider is Zw/i. Let the rider travel a distance L over the countersurface, which has the same surface density of contact sites as the rider, uniformly distributed in the same manner. Each contact element in the surface of the rider will encounter L/a contact elements in the countersurface, and the total number of contacts will be... 

Net contact area Area of the tread, excluding voids, under the loaded footprint. Also abbreviated as the percent net-to-gross. 

Category Design Application Net-to-Gross Pavement Contact Area Vehicle Handling Comfort... 

Many leaf surfaces represent the most unwettable of most known surfaces. This is due to the predominantly hydrophobic nature of the leaf surface, which is usually covered with crystalline wax of straight chain paraffinic alcohols (24-35 carbon atoms). The crystals may be less than 1 gm thick and only few gms apart, giving the surface "microroughness - the real area of the surface can be several times the gross (apparent) area. When a water drop is placed on a leaf surface, it takes the form of a spherical cap that is characterized by the contact angle 6. From the balance of tensions, one obtains the familiar Young s equation, which applies to a liquid drop on a smooth surface. 

Mo and Ca are detected on the wear scar surface. SEM micrographs show the smooth topographical nature of the wear scar and the lack of any gross deformation of the surface. This indicates a protective layer on the surface of the material between the contacting areas. 

Fluxes are linear functions of reservoir contents. Reservoir size and the residence time of the carbon in the reservoir are the parameters used in the functions. Between the ocean and the atmosphere and within the ocean, fluxes rates are calculated theoretically using size of the reservoir, surface area of contact between reservoirs, concentration of CO2, partial pressures of CO2, temperature, and solubility as factors. The flux of carbon into the vegetation reservoir is a function of the size of the carbon pool and a fertilization effect of increased CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. Flux from vegetation into the atmosphere is a function of respiration rates estimated by Whittaker and Likens (79) and the decomposition of short-lived organic matter which was assumed to be half of the gross assimilation or equal to the amount transferred to dead organic matter. Carbon in organic matter that decomposes slowly is transferred... 

Contact of 0.5 g of catechol with the intact and abraded skin of rabbits for up to 24 hours produced slight to moderate erythema and slight edema of the intact areas and necrosis of the abraded areas. The single-dose skin penetration LD50 was estimated to be 0.8 g/kg. Sub-dermal hyperemia and edema were noted at autopsy, but there were no internal gross lesions. ... 

The mass in the environmental surfaces is assumed to be infinite. This gross assumption is interpreted as that every contact of a dermal surface with an environmental surface is with a new area. Usually, the transfer of chemical from the different environmental surfaces to the different dermal surfaces does not reach the limit of what is available. In the case where this is possible, the calculations have to be modified accordingly. A possible modification is used below in Scenario 3. 

Kquation (7.1 I) expresses the radiation boundary condition dial is applied in solving SCK diffusion reaction equations. The gross rate and specific rale arc gixen by equations (7.12) and (7.13). where is the coniaei area (area of the locus ol die center of B when B is in contact with /.) and U is the volume of the solution. 

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