Grimm-type discharge

Analysis of dry solution residues can also be performed successfully with GD-MS. This has been shown with the aid of hollow cathodes, with which Sr, Ba and Pb can be determined [653] and where in 10-20 pL up to 70 elements can be determined with detection limits in the pg range [654], With a Grimm-type discharge solution residues can be formed on the cathode by evaporating microvolumes of analyte solutions having low total salt contents. With noble metals such as Pt and Ir [655], use can be made of cementation to fix the analyte onto a copper target, so that it is preconcentrated and can be sputtered reproducibly. This has been found to be a way of fixing pg amounts of Ir on a copper plate prior to analysis with GD-MS. 

Steers E. B. M. and Leis F.(1991) Excitation of the spectra of neutral and singly ionized atoms in the Grimm-type discharge lamp with and without supplementary microwave excitation, Spectrochim Acta, Part B 46 527-537. 

Besides the conventional Grimm-type dc source, which has dominated the GD-OES scene for approximately 30 years, other discharge sources are well known. Among those are various boosted sources which use either an additional electrode to achieve a secondary discharge, or a magnetic field or microwave power to enhance the efficiency of excitation, and thus analytical capability none of these sources has, however, yet been applied to surface or depth-profile analysis. 

A GD mass spectrometer from Thermo Fisher Scientific with a direct current (dc) glow discharge ion source based on the mass spectrometric arrangement of the Element (Element GD) has been available on the analytical market since 2005 for sensitive multi-element analysis of trace impurities in conducting samples. The experimental arrangement of the dc GD ion source (Grimm type) and... 

Figure 9 Schematic diagram of a Grimm-type glow discharge source. (From Ref. 29.)...

Fig. 25. Spectral-segmented spectrum of a glow discharge [58]. Grimm-type glow discharge lamp with floating restrictor (8 mm diameter) 50 mA, 3.5 torr, 2 kV [42] Plasmaarray spectrometer (LECO) steel sample 217 A (Research Institute, CKD, Prague, Czech Republic).

Fig. 107. Determination of Si in Al alloys with medium voltage spark OES (A) and OES using a Grimm-type glow discharge (B). [480],...

In the case of a helium discharge sustained in a Grimm-type glow discharge lamp, vapors of halogenated hydrocarbons can be introduced successfully through... 

Ferreira N. P., Human H. G. C. and Butler L. R. P. (1980) Kinetic temperatures and electron densities in the plasma of a side view Grimm-type glow discharge, Spectrochim Acta, Part B 35 287-95. 

Broekaert J. A. C., Brushwyler K. R., Monnig C. A. and Hieftje G. M. (1990) Fourier-transform-atomic emission spectrometry with a Grimm-type glow-discharge source, Spectrochim Acta, Part B 45 769-778. 

Studies of a helium-operated gas-sampling Grimm-type glow discharge for the atomic emission spectrometric determination of chlorine in halogenated hydrocarbon vapors, Spectrochim Acta, Part B 53 1723-1735. 

FIGURE 40.7 The five common glow discharge source configurations. (A) Coaxial cathode. (B) Planar diode. (C) Hollow cathode. (D) Hollow cathode plume. (E) Grimm type. Adapted from Reference [132]. 

Beyer, C., Feldmann, I., Gilmour, D., Hoffmann, V, Jakubowski, N. (2002) Development and analytical characterization of a Grimm-type glow discharge ion source operated with high gas flow rates and coupled to a mass spectrometer with high mass resolution. Spectrochimica Acta Part B Atomic Spectroscopy, 57,1521-1533. 

Spark discharge in argon using polychromator [360] Grimm-type glow discharge with 1 m Czemy-Turner monochromator [362] ... 

Grimm-type glow discharge and quadmpole mass spectrometer [363]. 

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