Grendel

Neuschwander-Tetri, B.A., Ferrell, L.D., Sukhabote, R.J. and Grendell, J.H. (1992). Glutathione monoethyl ester ameliorates caerulein-induced pancreatitis in the mouse. J. Clin. Invest. 89, 109-116. 

Niederau, C., Ude, K., Niederau, M., Luthen, R., Strohmeyer, G., Ferrell, L.D. and Grendell, J.H. (1991). Effects of the seleno-organic substance Ebselen in two different models of acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 6, 282-290. 

FIGURE 19-4. Treatment algorithm for active gastrointestinal bleeding resulting from portal hypertension. (From Schianotd, Bodenheimer HC. Complications of Chronic Liver Disease. In Friedman SL, McQuaid KR, Grendell JH (eds.)... 

Gorter and Grendel in 1925 [527], drawing on the work of Langmuir, extracted lipids from RBC ghosts and formed monolayers. They discovered that the area of the monolayer was twice that of the calculated membrane surface of intact RBC, indicating the presence of a bilayer. This was the birth of the concept of a lipid bilayer as the fundamental structure of cell membranes (Fig. 7.1). 

Following the original simple concepts of Gorter and Grendel, a large number of membrane models have been developed over the subsequent half a century the two most contrasting are shown in Fig. 6.9. 

Erie, F., A. Grendel, D. Perner, U. Platt, and K. Pfeilsticker, Evidence of Heterogeneous Bromine Chemistry on Cold Stratospheric Sulphate Aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 4329-4332 (1998). 

Evidence for a Lipid Bilayer In 1925, E. Gorter and F. Grendel used an apparatus like that described in Problem 1 to determine the surface area of a lipid monolayer formed by lipids extracted from erythrocytes of several animal species. They used a microscope to measure the dimensions of individual cells, from which they calculated the average surface area of one erythrocyte. They obtained the data shown in the... 

Source Data from Gorter, E. Grendel, E (1925) On bimolecular layers of lipoids on the chromocytes of the blood. J. Exp. Med. 41, 439-443. 

In 1925, E. Gorter and F. Grendel (J. Exp. Med. 41, 439) reported measurements in which they extracted lipid from red blood cell membranes with acetone, spread the lipids as a monolayer, and measured the area of the compressed monolayer. They then estimated the surface area of an erythrocyte and calculated that the ratio of the lipids (as a monolayer) to the surface area of the red blood cell was 1.9-2.0. More modern experiments gave the following each erythrocyte membrane contains 4.5 x 10 16 mol of phospholipid and 3.1 x 10-16 mol of cholesterol. 

Apart from the characterization of lipids in monolayers, several other examples for the versatility of this method have been described. Gorter and Grendel postulated... 

The idea of a lipid bilayer was first proposed by E. Gorter and F. Grendel, who showed in 1925 that the phospholipid content of the erythrocyte plasma membrane is approximately the amount needed to enclose the cell with a bilayer. Subsequent x-ray diffraction measurements confirmed this picture (fig. 17.8). 

Gorter and Grendel, Proc. K. Akad. Wetensch. Amsterdam, 29, 1268 (1926). Grendel, Thesis (Utrecht, 1927). 

Lin TM, Karvinen E, Ivy AC (1957) Role of pancreatic digestion in cholesterol absorption. Am J Physiol 190 214-220 Niederau M, Niederau G, Strohmeyer G, Grendell JH (1989) Comparative effects of CCK receptor antagonists on rat pancreatic secretion in vivo. Am J Physiol (Gastrointest Liver Physiol) 19 G150... 

---