Greenness 286 INDEX

Another solvent scoring method proposed by Slater and Savelski [1] used a single, customizable solvent index that accounted for twelve different environmental parameters. The parameters used for the Rowan Solvent Greenness Index Method are ... 

In Equation 3.11, y is the OSI of solvent i, and y dn and Ymax are the minimum and maximum values of OSI, for all solvents in the database. The final weighted solvent greenness index score is then obtained by mulhplying the OSfo, by the mass of solvent i used. 

To obtain a process greenness index, all of the weighted solvent greenness indices are summed as shown in Equation 3.13. 

Total Process Greenness Index = Weighted Solvent Greenness IndeXsoivem (3.13)... 

Figure 3.8 Example process improvement calculation using Rowan Greenness Index.

Dainippon Ink and Chemicals, Inc., Transparent and Flexible Biod radable Plastics (CPLA), available online at www.dic.co.jp green index-e.html. 

Transparent and Flexible Biodegradable Plastics (CPLA), http //www.dic.co.jp/green/ index-e.html, p. 1-7,1999. 

Tables 4 and 5 show properties of ground mica products. For all forms of ground mica the index of refraction is 1.58 wt %, Mohs hardness is 2.5, oil absorption (Brit. Stand. 3483) is 60.75%, water solubihty (Brit. Stand. 1765) is <0.3%, the phericity factor is 0.01, and the softening point in °C is 1538. For Microni2ed and wet ground micas the brightness (green filter), pH, and apparent density in kg/m are 75, 5.2, and 160—224, respectively for dry ground mica, 66—75, 6.2, and 192—561, respectively (1).

Another test method appHcable to textiles is ASTM E313, Indexes of Whiteness and Yellowness of Near-White, Opaque Materials. The method is based on obtaining G, ie, green reflectance, and B, ie, blue reflectance, from X, Y, and Z tristimulus values. Whiteness and yellowness index are then calculated from the G and B values. This method has particular appHcability to measurement of whiteness of bleached textiles. AATCC test method 110 also addresses measurement of the whiteness of textiles. 

Figure 12.23 Hydropathy plots for the polypeptide chains L and M of the reaction center of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. A window of 19 amino acids was used with the hydrophohicity scales of Kyte and Doolittle. The hydropathy index is plotted against the tenth amino acid of the window. The positions of the transmembrane helices as found by subsequent x-ray analysis by the group of G. Feher, La Jolla, California, ate indicated by the green regions.

Photoelectric-Colorimetric Method. Although the recording spectrophotometer is, for food work at least, a research tool, another instrument, the Hunter multipurpose reflectometer (4), is available and may prove to be applicable to industrial quality control. (The newer Hunter color and color difference meter which eliminates considerable calculation will probably be even more directly applicable. Another make of reflection meter has recently been made available commercially that uses filters similar to those developed by Hunter and can be used to obtain a similar type of data.) This instrument is not a spectrophotometer, for it does not primarily measure the variation of any property of samples with respect to wave length, but certain colorimetric indexes are calculated from separate readings with amber, blue, and green filters, designated A, B, and G, respectively. The most useful indexes in food color work obtainable with this type of instrument have been G, which gives a... 

Yield and other mass-related metrics such as atom economy, reaction mass efficiency and mass intensity have been examined by Constable et al with regard to their significance concerning greenness and costs. The importance of using a (product) concentration term, which can be mass intensity or mass index, is additionally emphasized by Laird et al This is in compliance with Winterton, who in his twelve more green chemistry principles demands the establishment of full mass balances. 

Physical properties involve tests of the physical index parameters of the materials. For spent foundry sand, these parameters include particle gradation, unit weight, specific density, moisture content, adsorption, hydraulic conductivity, clay content, plastic limit, and plastic index. These parameters determine the suitability of spent foundry sand for uses in potential applications. Typical physical properties of spent green foundry sand are listed in Table 4.5. 

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