Green area index

The optimum temperature for the metaboUc processes within a temperate plant, especially photosynthesis, is about 25 °C. Therefore, in most seasons and especially during autumn and early spring, plants will not be metabohsing at their optimum rate in the UK. Small increases or decreases in temperature from year to year will not have a significant effect on production, but it has been shown that, in very hot summers, e.g. those of 1975 and 1976, the photosynthetic rate and the duration of the Green Area Index (GAI) of crop plants was significantly decreased. These summers were characterised by temperatures above 25 °C. The summer of 2012 was one of the wettest and coldest on record with a mean temperature of 13.9 °C. This also had a detrimental effect on yields of crops. 

The photo synthetic aquatic biomass comprises cyanobacteria (formerly called blue-green algae), planktonic, filamentous and macrophytic algae, and vascular macrophytes. The net productivity of the floodwater depends on the level of primary production by the photosynthetic biomass versus its consumption by grazing animals, particularly cladocerans, copepods, ostracods, insect larvae and molluscs. Their role will change as the canopy develops and at a leaf area index of about 6-7 there will be no more photosynthetically active radiation available to them. 

Figure 8.7 Holistic metrics based on the principles of green chemistry. The graphic metrics refer to an optimization experiment of the syntheses of tetram-minecopper(ii) sulfate monohydrate 16 (only ten of the twelve principles were used in the evaluation, principles 4 and 11 being excluded). When the excess of ammonia was deceased from 300% (top metrics) to 7% (bottom metrics), the green area in the graphics increased and the indexes API (green circle) and GSAI (green star) increased respectively from 30 to 50 and from 40 to 55.

Figure 6. Partial DOS projected onto the O atoms (red) and ci-band of Pt atoms (blue) for oxygen-chemisorbed [Xbuik-Xs]-Pt3-02 surfaces. The right panels show an expanded view of the O2 spectra (red) using as reference the spectrum of free O2 (green, labels are given in the top panel). A c> antibonding is indexed according to whether it originates from or p-orbitals. The bulk surfaces are 6, Co3Pt, 7, Co, 8, Pt, 9, Ni, and 10, Fe. The ci-band of bulk Pt—left panel, shaded area—is shown as a reference. The Fermi level is the energy zero in all cases.

Figure 9. Diversity index at Stations 1-26 and A-R. The mouth, intermediate, and inner area of the bay are indicated in green, blue, and red, respectively (after [18]).

Figure 1. Index map of Piceance basin showing location of core holes CR-2 and 01-A. Stippled area is underlain by the Green River Formation.

Fig. 9 Positron emission tomography images of a normal human brain after 11C-verapamil administration in the absence or presence of cyclosporine (CsA) indicate increased regional uptake (green to red areas) of C-radioactivity in the brain in the presence of CsA. Images represent standardized uptake values (SUV) summed over a period of 5-25 min, which provide an index of regional radioactivity uptake normalized to the administered dose and weight of the subject. MRI, magnetic resonance image (reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Lda, Ref [124])...

MFCA objective function can be considered as an environmental impact index. While environmental negative impact reduces, green productivity increases. Designing of a measurement system that represents the relationships between green productivity and MFCA initiatives could be new area for researching. 

Figure 9.13. Seasonal variation in (a) chlorophyll a, (b) DOC, (c) percentage fulvic acid, (d) whole water (solid line) and fulvic acid (dashed hue) McKnight Fluorescence Index (FI), and (e) whole water redox index (RI) at the outlet to Green Lake 4, an alpine lake in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. The vertical dashed lines indicate the sustained rain event, and the shaded areas represent the timing of the peak in chlorophyll a at the outlet. PLFA represents the FI of the Pony Lake fulvic acid, a microbial end member, and SRFA represents the FI of the Suwannee River fulvic acid, a terrestrial end member. (Adapted from MiUer et al., 2009.)...

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