Green composite biocomposites

A. Bismark, S. Mishra, and T. Lampke. Plant fibers as reinforcement for green composites. In A.K. Mahanty, M. Misra, and L.T. Drzal (Eds.), Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites, Taylor Francis, CRC, Boca Raton, 2005, p. 65. 

For making CA-based green composites by process II, a two-step extrusion was used to make CA-hemp biocomposite pellets which were then injection molded. The first step was to produce CA plastic granules from CA powder and 30 wt.% TEC plasticizer. [Note CA needs an external plasticizer added to enhance its flow and allow processing below its degradation temperature (230°C), which is near... 

The ultimate goal of research in green composites is to replace the existing synthetic glass fibers with natural fibers as reinforcements and also to replace petroleum-based polymers with renewable-resource-based bipolymers as matrices in designing and engineering of biocomposite materials [33]. 

Bhaduii SK, Sen SK, Dasgupta PC (1983) Structural studies of an acidic polysaccharide isolated from the leaf fibre of pineapple (Ananas comosus MERR). Carbohydr Res 121 211-220 Bhattacharya TB, Biswas AK, Chatterjee J, Pramnick D (1986) Short pineapple leaf fibre reinforced rubber composites. Plast Rubb Process Appl 6 119-125 Bismarck A, Mishra S, Lampke T (2005) Plant fibers as reinforcement for green composites. In Mohanty AK, Misra M, Drzal LT (eds) Natural fibers, biopolymers and biocomposites. Taylor Francis, EL, Boca Raton... 

A composite material is a two-phase or multiphase compact material with its components (phases) separated by interfaces which can be formed naturally or be manmade. One of the composite material phases is the matrix (phase I). It exists in the solid (crystalline or amorphous) state of aggregation. Within the matrix, particles are distributed discretely. This is phase II or disperse phase [23]. Biocomposites are composite materials made from natural fiber and petroleum-derived nonbiodegradable polymers like PP, PE, and epoxies or biopolymers like poly lactic acid (PLA), cellulose esters. Composite materials derived from biopolymer and synthetic fibers such as glass and carbon come under biocomposites. Biocomposites derived from plant-derived fiber (natural/biofi-ber) and crop/bioderived plastics (biopolymer/bioplastic) are likely more ecofriendly, and such biocomposites are sometimes termed green composites [24]. 

Bismarck A, Misra S and Lamoe T (2005) Plant fibres as reinforcement for green composites, in Natural fibres, biopolymers, and biocomposites (Eds. Mohanty M, Misra M and Drzal L T) CRG/Taylor Francis, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 37-108. 

Dobos AM, Onofrei MD, loan S (2014) Liquid crystals and cellulose derivatives composites. In Thakur VK, Kessle MR (eds) Green biorenewable biocomposites from knowledge to industrial appfications, CRC Press, ISBN 9781771880329 Dunn K, Edwards-Jones V (2004) The role of Acticoat with nanocrystalfine silver in the management of bums. Bums 30(1) S1-S9... 

Mitra B (2014) Environment friendly composite materials biocomposites and green composites. 

Alternative routes, due to environmental awareness and increasing interest in sustainable material concepts, have led to the development of bio- and green composites for structural composite applications, the so-called all-polymer composites or self-reinforced polymer composites . These new materials promise to overcome the critical problem of fiber-matrix adhesion in biocomposites by using chemically similar or identical cellulose materials for both matrix and reinforcement and are designated as all-cellulose composites [39, 40]. 

In this section, we try to clarify where biocomposites are positioned among the whole composite materials. In the previous section, the importance of green composite studies was described, and related to the biocomposite-engineering field. The combination of natural fibers and biomass-derived biodegradable resin is... 

From such a point of view, we have classified biocomposites and green composites, as shown in Figure 1.1. This classification is based on the various matrix and... 

A n B is the intersection of biocomposites and green composites. In this category, the materials of matrix and/or reinforcement consist of a biomass-based and biodegradable substances. The group combinations are given as BMl/BFl, BMl/PFl, PMl/BFl, BM1/BF2, BM1/PF2, PM1/BF2, BM2/BF1, BM2/PF1, and PM2/BF1. The first combination, i.e., BMl/BFl, leads to a fiiUy biomass-based and biodegradable composite material. 

Goda, K., Current status and future prospects of biocomposites II strength evaluation of plant-based natural fibers for green composites, J. Soc. Mater. 

Epoxy-based biocomposites have been a significant topic in the continually growing field of research on green composite design for long-term applications. As a potential viable replacement to traditional glass fiber-reinforced plastics (GFRPs),... 

PU-based green composites have already shown promise in the automotive industry, using fibers such as jute and ramie to manufacture parts such as door Hnings. However, PUs, one of the most versatile thermosetting materials, have been used as a biocomposite matrix in only a limited number of research reports Bledzki et al. [34], for instance, have come up with an experiment-based approximation model relating the static mechanical properties of jute and flax fabric-reinforced PU microfoams with microvoid content The mechanical performance and properties of other thermoset biocomposites, such as coir fiber-reinforced ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) [35] and oil palm fiber-reinforced poly(allyl methacrylate)... 

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