Graphite-poly sulfone

In Situ Intercalative Polymerization A variety of polymer nanocomposites have been prepared using this method, that is, PS/graphene, PMMA/expanded graphite, poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS)/layered double hydroxyl (LDH), PI/LDH, and PET/LDH. 

Oyama N, Oki N, Ohno H, Ohnuki Y, Matsuda H, Tsuchida E (1983) Electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen by poly(viologen)-poly(sulfonate) complex coated on graphite electrodes. J Phys Chem 87 3642-3647... 

P. Bianco, A. Taye, and J. Haladjian, Incorporation of cytochrome c and cytochrome c3 within poly(ester-sulfonic acid) films cast on pyrolytic graphite electrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem. 377, 299-303 (1994). 

The next group of materials comprises conducting polymers (ICP). Systems with identical polymers have often been reported for polyacetylene. It is known that this ICP forms insertion compounds of the A and D types (see Section 6.4, and No. 5 in Table 12). Cells of this Idnd were successfully cycled [277, 281-283]. However, the current efficiency was only 35% heavy losses were observed due to an overoxidation of the PA [284]. In other cases as for polypyrrole (PPy), the formation of D-PPy was anticipated but did not occur [557, 558]. Entry (6) in Table 12 represents some kind of ideal model. A PPy/PPy cell with alkyl or aryl sulfates or sulfonates rather than perchlorates is claimed in [559]. Similar results were obtained with symmetric polyaniline (PANI) cells [560, 561]. Symmetric PPy and RANI cells yield about 60% current efficiency, much more than with PA. An undoped PPy/A-doped PPy combination yields an anion-concentration cell [562, 563], in analogy to graphite [47], (cf. No. 7). The same principle can be applied with the PPy/PT combination [562, 563] (cf. No. 8). Kaneto et al. [564] have reported in an early paper the combination of two pol54hiophene (PT) thin layers (< 1 pm), but the chargeability was relatively poor (Fig. 40, and No. 9 in Table 12). A pronounced improvement was due to Gottesfeld et al. [342, 343, 562, 563], who employed poly[3-(4-fluoro-phenyl)thiophene], P-3-FPT, in combination with a stable salt electrolyte (but in acetonitrile cf. Fig. 40 and No. 10 in Table 12). In all practical cases, however, Es.th was below 100 Wh/kg. 

Wang, L. and N. Hu (2001). Direct electrochemistry of hemoglobin in layer-by-layer films with poly(vinyl sulfonate) grown on pyrolytic graphite electrodes. Bioelectrochemistry 53, 205-212. 

Carbon molecular sieves are prepared by the controlled pyrolysis of poly(vinylidene chloride) or sulfonated polymers (Carboxen ). They consist of very small graphite crystallites cross-linked to yield a disordered cavity-aperture structure. Carbon molecular sieves are microporous and of high surface area, 200-1200 m g . They are used primarily for the separation of inorganic gases, C1-C3 hydrocarbons, and for the separation of small polar molecules such as water, formaldehyde, and hydrogen sulfide. Less volatile compounds cannot be desorbed efficiently at acceptable temperatures. 

FTIR spectroscopy has been applied in the study of polymer blends including Neoprene rubber, chlorosulfonated PE, nitrile rubber, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) containing carbon black and other fillers [86], Nylon 6 inorganic [87], polyhydroxyether sulfone/poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) [88], graphite-based low-density polyethylene [89], caprolactone/Nafion blends [90], polybutylene terephthalate/polyamide [91], polyphenylene sulfide/acrylonitrile - butadiene - styrene [92], PMMA/polypyrrol [93], and lower or high performance liquid chromatography (LDPE/HDPE) [94]. 

NPs, nanoparticles BDDE, boron-doped diamond electrode MWCNTs, multi-walled carbon nanotubes PSS, poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) ABTS, 2,2 -azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) diammonium salt EPPGE, edge plane pyrolytic graphite electrode SPEs, screen-printed electrodes. 

Platinum (Pt) has been extensively used as the CE in DSSCs due to its effective catalytic for 13 ions. However, as platinum is a noble metal, therefore, low-cost and abundant materials have been developed including carbonaceous materials like graphite, carbon black, carbon nanotubes, and polymers like poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT-PSS) as potential low-cost replacements for platinum [76-78]. 

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