Lithium-graphite anode

J.R. Dahn, A.K. Sleigh, Hang Shi, B.W. Way, W.J. Weydanz, J.N. Reimers, Q. Zhong, and U. von Sacken, Carbons and Graphites as Substitutes for the Lithium Anode , in Lithium Batteries, G. Pistoia, Elsevier, North Holland (1993). 

Guo, K., Pan, Q., Wang, L. and Fang, S., Nano-scale copper coated graphite as anode material for lithium-ion batteries, J. Applied Electrochemistry (2002) 32 679-685. 

Veeraraghavan, B., Durairajan, A., Haran, B., Popov, B., and Guidotti, R., Study of Sn-coated graphite as anode material for secondary lithium-ion batteries, J. Electrochem. Society, (2002) 149, (6), A675-A681. 

Figure 72. Capacity and capacity retention of the fuii lithium ion cells based on graphite as anode, LiNiOj as cathode, and LiPFe or LiBOB in EC/EMC as electrolytes (a) room temperature (b) elevated temperatures. (Reproduced with permission from ref 155 (Figure 5). Copyright 2002 The Electrochemical Society.)...

Fluorinated carbon, CFX, where x is between 0 and 1.3, is prepared by the direct fluorination of carbon at high temperatures [108]. Many varieties of fluorinated carbon can be prepared depending on the type of carbon used in the process (e.g. graphite, petroleum coke, carbon black, etc.) and the level of fluorination (i. e. the value of ). Fluorinated carbons, such as those manufactured by Allied-Signal (Accufluor ), Central Glass Co. (Cefbon ) and Daikin, are used for the fabrication of cathodes in lithium anode batteries and as solid lubricants [109]. 

Yoon SH, Park CW, Yang HJ, Korai Y, Mochida I, Baker RTK, Rodriguez NM. Novel carbon nanofibers of high graphitization as anodic materials for lithium ion secondary batteries. Carbon 2004 42 21-32. 

Anode Li+ accepting material Graphite, Lithium metal, SnO, Lithium alloy... 

A relatively high reversible capacity (372mAh/g, i.e., one lithium for six carbon atoms in standard conditions) at a potential close to metallic lithium and a moderate irreversible capacity can be obtained with graphite-based anodes. A higher degree of reversible lithium insertion than in graphite, but also an important irreversible capacity, is observed with various kinds of nanostructured carbons. Therefore, an intensive research effort is focused on the optimization of the anodic carbon materials, with the objectives to enhance the reversible capacity and to reduce as much as possible the irreversible capacity and hysteresis, which are often important drawbacks of these materials. The next section will discuss the correlations between the electrochemical performance of nanostructured carbons and their nanotexture/structure and surface functionality. Taking into account the key parameters that control the electrochemical properties, some optimizations proposed in literature will be presented. 

Zhou, Y. R Xie, S. Chen, C. H. Pyrolytic polyurea encapsulated natural graphite as anode material for lithium ion batteries. Electrochimica Acta (2005), 50(24), 4728—4735. 

K. Zaghib, K. Tatsumi, H. Abe, T. Ohsaki, Y. Sawada, S. Higuchi, J. Power Sources 1995, 54, 435-439. Electrochemical behavior of an advanced graphite whisker anodic electrode for lithium-ion rechargeable batteries. 

Although reports following the initial marketing of Sony Corporation s batteries focused not only on metallic lithium anodes and graphite anodes but also on the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), which forms on the anode as a result of electrolyte decomposition, intentional control of SEI was not considered in sufficient depth. The concept of SEI was advocated by Peled from Tel-Aviv University and Aurbach from Bar-Ilan University [8-10]. Nevertheless, upon entering the industry in 1997, Ube Industries, Ltd. started adding small amounts of additives to the electrolyte, which allowed for the undesirable thick SEI to be controlled by deliberately causing additive decomposition in order to form a controlled thin layer (CTL). 

Fig. 5.1 Illustration of the charge/discharge process involved in a lithium-ion cell consisting of graphite as anode and layered LiCo02 as the cathode (reproduced with permission by the American Chemical Society from [4])...

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