Graphics display storing

The use of an integral video screen in instruments presents very great advantages, both in the ease of operation and in the ability to develop and understand analytical methods. Complete analytical records can be stored in the instrument and a visual display of good calibration curves can be stored in memory and recalled at will. It is most useful to have a graphical display of atomisation peaks when using a furnace where a distinction can be made of the total absorbance peak and that due to the analyte absorbance. 

They can quickly and accurately retrieve, store and do statistical calculations on sets of data. They can graphically display the results of statistical calculations for visual Interpretation. 

The results of the computation, such as the wind field, concentration and dose distribution, are stored in the magnetic disc and are displayed on the graphic display together with some map elements. The user can select several kinds of map elements, such as administrative boundaries, coast lines, road/railroad, topography and locations of towns. The system can display the following information ... 

The digitized signals from the detector are stored in a computer for data-handling and for graphical display or print-out later... 

The cathode ray tubes are scanned in a raster like a television picture. Each scan line is modulated into a series of dots called picture elements (abbreviated to pixels or pels) and each character is built up from these pixels. It soon became possible to manipulate the pixels individually so that as well as characters, dots, lines and shapes could be displayed on the screen. Microcomputers are now available with graphics capabilities rivalling those found on mainframe systems, but at a fraction of the cost. Clearly, more memory locations have to be put aside for graphics displays. For example, compare the text (character) display of the IBM Color/Graphics display with its high-resolution monochrome graphics mode. The 80-character mode puts 25 rows of 80 characters on the screen. Each character is stored in two bytes - one for the character itself and one for its attributes , that is, colour. 

Entry of Molecular Structures. The ADAPT system has as one of its components all the modules necessary to enter, modify, retrieve, and draw molecular structures of organic molecules. This portion of ADAPT has been operational for several years and has been employed in several published studies. The routines allow the convenient, interactive entry of structures by sketching them on the screen of a graphics display terminal. This can be done in thirty seconds to several minutes per compound, depending on structural complexity. No special techniques beyond those used in sketching molecular structures on a blackboard are needed. Thus, structure files on the order of hundreds of compounds can be entered into ADAPT in reasonable amounts of time. The structure files are stored permanently on disc files for further processing by the other modules of ADAPT. Information saved for each compound includes a compressed connection table, ring information, a list of associated numerical... 

As already mentioned (Section 5.3), the stored structure information in this type of database makes it possible to search for chemical structures in several ways. One method is to draw a structure (via a molecule editor) and to perform either a precise structure search (full structure search) or a search containing part of the input structure (substructure search) (see Sections 6.2-6.4). The databases also allow the searching of chemical names and molecular formulas (see Section 6.1). The search results are in most cases displayed in a graphical manner. 

The microcomputer should incorporate a VDU and have high-density colour graphics capability (up to 1760(x) x 1280(y)). This enables IR-spectra to be displayed on the screen of the VDU with excellent definition so that comparisons, the results of scale expansions and other spectral manipulations can immediately be seen. Parameters such as range, scan time, data point interval, etc., are set and monitored under microprocessor control and stored along with the spectrum. During the scanning of a sample, several thousand data points may be collected and stored in RAM which should be able to accommodate and display at least three spectra simultaneously. There is a wide range of manipulations that can be performed by the analyst on stored spectra, e.g. 

As the analysis progresses, evidence is accumulated supporting the presence or absence of defined substructures. The evidence is combined by the Reasoner module to form a belief function, which describes the degree to which each substructure is currently believed. This information is stored in the chemical database, where it is available to the Expert modules and to the Controller as it decides the course of the analysis. As the belief function evolves, the current state is displayed graphically to the user, who may halt the analysis, query the current state, and redirect the course of the analysis by supplying evidence for or against a substructure. 

Although computer graphic devices produce projections of higher dimensions on mere 2-D screens, the computer can store the location of points in higher dimensions for manipulations such as rotation and magnification. The computer can then display projections of these higher-dimensional forms from various viewpoints. In fact, the computer is frequendy used to represent higher dimen-... 

The difference chromatogram can then be stored for display or analysis by other programs. Also, baseline rise can be removed in this manner. Other graphic routines are available for drawing calibration curves, as in Figure 8. 

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