Graphene reduction

When the electrolyte solutions are not too reactive, as in the case of ethereal solutions, there is no massive formation of protective surface films at potentials above Li intercalation potential, and most of the solvent reduction processes may occur at potentials lower than 0.3 V vs. Li/Li+. Hence, the passivation of the electrodes is not sufficient to prevent cointercalation of solvent molecules. This leads to an exfoliation of the graphite particles into amorphous dust (expholiated graphene planes). This scenario is demonstrated in Figure 2a as the reduction of the 002 diffraction peak21 of the graphite electrode, polarized cathodically in an ethereal solution. 

S. Stankovich, D.A. Dikin, R.D. Piner, K. a. Kohlhaas, A. Kleinhammes, Y. Jia, et al., Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide, Carbon,... 

H. Wang, J.T. Robinson, X. Li, H. Dai, Solvothermal reduction of chemically exfoliated graphene sheets, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131 (2009) 9910-9911. 

G. Williams, B. Seger, P. V Kamat, Ti02-graphene nanocomposites. UV-assisted photocatalytic reduction of graphene oxide, ACS Nano, 2 (2008) 1487-1491. 

J. Liang, Y. Jiao, M. Jaroniec, S. Z. Qiao, Sulfur and nitrogen dual-doped mesoporous graphene electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction with synergistically enhanced performance, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., vol. 51, pp. 1-6, 2012. 

Hu, Y., etal., Graphene-gold nanostructure composites fabricated by electrodeposition and their electrocatalytic activity toward the oxygen reduction and glucose oxidation. Electrochimica Acta, 2010. 56(1) p. 491-500. 

Hu, Y., et al., Bimetallic Pt-Au nanocatalysts electrochemically deposited on graphene and their electrocatalytic characteristics towards oxygen reduction and methanol oxidation. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2011.13(9) p. 4083-4094. 

Jeon, S., D. Kim, and M. Ahmed, Different length linkages of graphene modified with metal nanoparticles for oxygen reduction in acidic media. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2012. 22(32) p. 16353-16360. 

Kong, B.-S., J. Geng, and H.-T. Jung, Layer-by-layer assembly of graphene and gold nanoparticles by vacuum filtration and spontaneous reduction of gold ions. Chemical Communications, 2009(16) p. 2174-2176. 

Pasricha, R., et al., Directed nanoparticle reduction on graphene. Materials Today, 2012. 

Ultrasonic exfoliation of graphite oxide and subsequent chemical reduction has been used to prepare reduced graphene oxide (rGO) [17]. This is a viable method for... 

Yang HB, Guo CX, Guai GH, Song QL, Jiang SP, Li CM. Reduction of charge recombination by an amorphous titanium oxide interlayer in layered graphene/quantum dots photochemical cells, ACSAppl. Mater. Interfaces 2011, 3,1940-1945. 

Carbon is unique among chemical elements since it exists in different forms and microtextures transforming it into a very attractive material that is widely used in a broad range of electrochemical applications. Carbon exists in various allotropic forms due to its valency, with the most well-known being carbon black, diamond, fullerenes, graphene and carbon nanotubes. This review is divided into four sections. In the first two sections the structure, electronic and electrochemical properties of carbon are presented along with their applications. The last two sections deal with the use of carbon in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) as catalyst support and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalyst. 

Liang, Y. T. Vijayan, B. K. Gray, K. A. Hersam, M. C., Minimizing Graphene Defects Enhances Titania Nanocomposite-Based Photocatalytic Reduction of C02 for Improved Solar Fuel Production. Nano Lett. 2011,11 2865-2870. 

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