Graft grafting through

The grafting through approach involves copolymerization of macromonomers. NMP, ATRP and RAFT have each been used in this context. The polymerizations are subject to the same constraints as conventional radical polymerizations that involve macromonomers (Section 7.6.5). However, living radical copolymerization offers greater product uniformity and the possibility of blocks, gradients and other architectures. 

D-funclionali/alion 53 1 6,538 9 graft copolymer synthesis 558-63 grafting from 560 3 grafting through 558-60... 

The chief application of macromonomers is, however, to provide easy access to graft copolymers 69,70,71,84,851 by free radical copolymerization with a vinylic or acrylic comonomer. This grafting through process offers graft length control and provides randomness of graft distribution. 

Grafting through techniques involving polymerization of a monomer in the presence of a polymer backbone carrying randomly distributed unsaturations have also been attempted 140). The major drawback is the possibility of bridge formation between backbone molecules. 

Grafting from method, 7 652-653 Grafting onto method, 7 654 Grafting process, 73 537 Grafting through method, 7 653 Graft polymerization. See also Graft copolymerization ABS, 7 419, 421 acrylic ester monomers, 7 386 of methacrylic ester polymers, 76 289-290... 

Grafting through Chain-transfer Fist the base polymer (for example Polyacrylonitrile) is dissolved in a monomer such as styrene and then an initiator is added. The two possible ways of polymerisation are ... 

Preparation of dendrigraft polymers has been achieved by three methods, namely (a) grafting onto , (b) grafting from , and (c) grafting through . 

A poly(phenylene oxide) with a poly(vinyl chloride) block grafted through a carbonyloxy group to the 2-position in some of the rings ... 

Grafting through involves the polymerization (or copolymerization) of a macromonomer, usually a vinyl macromonomer ... 

The grafting-through method has also been studied for ATRP. Vinyl chloroacetate is used as the initiator in ATRP of a monomer such as styrene to produce a macromonomer. Vinyl chloroacetate does not significantly copolymerize with styrene, and the result is a polystyrene vinyl macromonomer, which is then polymerized to a brush polymer [Davis and Matyjaszewski, 2002],... 

Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study of invasion and differentiation in spinal cord lesion of neural stem cells grafted through cerebrospinal fluid in rat. Wu, S., Suzuki, Y., Noda, T., Bai, H., Kitada, M., Kataoka, K., Nishimura,... 

It was recently reported [79,80] that grafting through esterification between refiner-ground pulp and MA-modified polypropylene occurred when they were kneaded at 180°C for 10 min. This resulted in an enhanced adhesion between the polyolefin matrix and the pulp fibers, giving high levels of physical properties to the composites [79]. 

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