Goal interference

A foundation piece of work in this area is that of Jacob and Shreyer (1980), who outlined 10 hypotheses that they thought defined user-user conflict. The key proposition in their work is that goal interference attributed to other people s behaviour is the driving force shaping conflict. Many... 

Tourist-tourist relationships What do tourists think of the presence of others and under what circumstances are these co-actors seen as contributors to or detractors from the travel experience Goal interference hypotheses Tourist gaze In group-out group scheme Familiar strangers, the flaneur Social situations analysis... 

Gibbons, S. and Ruddell, E.J. (1995) The effect of goal orientation and place dependence on select goal interferences among winter backcountry users. Leisure Sciences 17,171-183. 

The goal of an analytical separation is to remove either the analyte or the interferent from the sample matrix. To achieve a separation there must be at least one significant difference between the chemical or physical properties of the analyte and interferent. Relying on chemical or physical properties, however, presents a fundamental problem—a separation also requires selectivity. A separation that completely removes an interferent may result in the partial loss of analyte. Altering the separation to minimize the loss of analyte, however, may leave behind some of the interferent. 

In contrast, various sensors are expected to respond in a predictable and controlled manner to such diverse parameters as temperature, pressure, velocity or acceleration of an object, intensity or wavelength of light or sound, rate of flow, density, viscosity, elasticity, and, perhaps most problematic, the concentration of any of millions of different chemical species. Furthermore, a sensor that responds selectively to only a single one of these parameters is often the goal, but the first attempt typically produces a device that responds to several of the other parameters as well. Interferences are the bane of sensors, which are often expected to function under, and be immune to, extremely difficult environmental conditions. 

The goal of filtration in the modem municipal treatment plant is a maximum of 0.1 ntu (nephelometric turbidity unit), which ensures a sparkling, clear water (8). Freedom from disease organisms is associated with freedom from turbidity, and complete freedom from taste and odor requites no less than such clarity. The National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NIPDWR) requite that the maximum contaminant level for turbidity at the point of entry into the distribution system be 1.0 ntu unless it can be shown that levels up to 5 ntu do not interfere with disinfection, interfere with the maintenance of a chlorine residual in the distribution system, nor interfere with bacteriological analyses. 

Modifiers can be used very effectively in on-line SFE-GC to determine the concentration levels of the respective analytes. This presents an advantage in terms of the use of modifiers in SFE, since they appear as solvent peaks in GC separations and do not interfere with the target analyte determination. Although online SFE-GC is a simple technique, its applicability to real-life samples is limited compared to off-line SFE-GC. As a result, on-line SFE-GC requires suitable sample selection and appropriate setting of extraction conditions. If the goal is to determine the profile or matrix composition of a sample, it is required to use the fluid at the maximum solubility. For trace analysis it is best to choose a condition that separates the analytes from the matrix without interference. However, present SFE-GC techniques are not useful for samples... 

Further considerations of the goal to measure x and avoid interferences has lead us to a more straightforward scheme than the... 

At present, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry provides a unique, powerful alternative for the determination of rare earths in natural samples [638,639]. Nevertheless, its application to the determination of rare earths at ultratrace concentration level in seawater is limited, because highly saline samples can cause both spectral interferences and matrix effects [640]. Therefore, a separation of the matrix components and preconcentration of the analytes are prerequisites. To achieve this goal, many preconcentration techniques have been used, including coprecipitation with... 

By making use of classical or quantum-mechanical interferences, one can use light to control the temporal evolution of nuclear wavepackets in crystals. An appropriately timed sequence of femtosecond light pulses can selectively excite a vibrational mode. The ultimate goal of such optical control is to prepare an extremely nonequilibrium vibrational state in crystals and to drive it into a novel structural and electromagnetic phase. 

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