Glutathione redox cycle

The rates of NADPH consumption in liver by the various NADPH-dependent enzymes indicate that GSH reductase has by far the highest rate to detoxify the reactive oxygen species generated by the various sources. 

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Hiraishi, H., Razandi, M., Terano, A. and Ivey, K.J. (1990). Antioxidant defenses of culture gastric mucosal cells against toxic oxygen metabolites. Role of glutathione redox cycle and endogenous catalase. Gastroenterology 98, A544. 

Glutathione redox cycle consists of NADPH, reduced glutathione GSH, glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase (GP) (Reactions (7) and (8)) ... 

Very dynamic glutathione redox cycle activity to maintain GSH/GSSG ratio of about 50-100... 

Active glutathione redox cycle that maintains a GSH/GSSG ratio of about 25-50... 

Figure 18.11. Cellular defense system by the glutathione redox cycle and the modulation of GSH.

Babson, J. R., Abell, N. S., and Reed, D. J. Protective role of the glutathione redox cycle against adriamycin-mediated toxicity in isolated hepatocytes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 30 2299-2304, 1981. 

Figure 27.12. Lung intracellular antioxidant enzyme systems. The three major systems Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and the glutathione redox cycle are shown. (See text for details.)...

Dorval, J. and A. Hontela. Role of glutathione redox cycle and catalase in defense against oxidative stress induced by endosulfan in adrenocortical cells of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 192 191-200, 2003. 

Cohen MD, Wei C-l. 1988. Effect of ammonium metavanadate treatment upon macrophage glutathione redox cycle activity, superoxide production, and intracellular glutathione status. J Leukocyte Biol 44 122-129. 

Fig 24.17. Glutathione redox cycle. Glutathione reductase regenerates reduced glutathione. (ROS is shown in the blue box). 

Ito Y, Suzuki Y, Ogonuki H, Hiraishi H, Razandi M, Terano A, Harada T, Ivey KJ (1994) Role of iron and glutathione redox cycle in acetaminophen-induced cytotoxicity to cultured rat hepa-tocytes. Dig Dis Sci 39 1257-1264... 

Some of the protection systems against the harmful effects of these oxidants include the intracellular antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and enzymes of the glutathione redox cycle (Sanguinetti, 1992). These... 

As outlined above, NO interacts with ROS and ROS-detoxifying mechanisms such as the glutathione redox cycle and antioxidant enzymes. NO reduces superoxide levels by formation of peroxynitrite. In normal tissues and under physiological conditions, peroxynitrite does not exert detrimental effects. Under pathological conditions with unbalanced redox status, peroxynitrite is cytotoxic, although the published data are controversial (Thomas et al. 2006). 

Hermann, C., Zeiher, A.M., and Dimmeler, S. Shear stress inhibits HjO-induced apoptosis of human endothelial cells by modulation of the glutathione redox cycle and nitric oxide synthase. Arteriol... 

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