Glutamine accumulation

X, N, Ep and H are needed for synthesis of FeMo-co and for its incorporation into the MoFe-protein.55/55a Nif A is an activator gene for the whole duster including the nifL gene product, which is altered by the presence of 02 or of glutamine. Accumulation of the latter in cells (see Section B,2) strongly represses transcription of the nitrogenase genes. 

Erecinska M., Zaleska M. M., Chiu L., and Nelson D. (1991). Transport of asparagine by rat brain synaptosomes an approach to evaluate glutamine accumulation. J. Neurochem. 57 491—498. 

Takahashi H, Koehler RC, Brusilow SW, et al. 1991. Inhibition of brain glutamine accumulation prevents cerebral edema in hyperammonemic rats. Am J Physiol 261 H825-H829. 

Theanine, the amide substituted derivative of glutamine accumulates to over 80% of the amino acid content of the roots of young tea Camelia sinensis) plants (Takeo, 1974). 

Glutamine accumulation in mineral-deficient plants is less widely reported although this may reflect its greater instability during extraction compared to that of asparagine. However, glutamine accumulation can occur in response to deficiencies of most macro and micro nutrients, N and Mo excepted (Possingham, 1956 Steward et al., 1959). 

Fig. 5. Effect of temperature on the rate of accumulation of lysine (X) or glutamic acid (o) or glutamine ( ) within washed suspensions of Strep, faecalis. Glucose is present in the medium in the cases of glutamic acid and glutamine accumulation and the material within the cells is estimated as glutamic acid in both cases. (Gale, 1947a.)...

Orotic acid in the diet (usually at a concentration of 1 per cent) can induce a deficiency of adenine and pyridine nucleotides in rat liver (but not in mouse or chick liver). The consequence is to inhibit secretion of lipoprotein into the blood, followed by the depression of plasma lipids, then in the accumulation of triglycerides and cholesterol in the liver (fatty liver) [141 — 161], This effect is not prevented by folic acid, vitamin B12, choline, methionine or inositol [141, 144], but can be prevented or rapidly reversed by the addition of a small amount of adenine to the diets [146, 147, 149, 152, 162]. The action of orotic acid can also be inhibited by calcium lactate in combination with lactose [163]. It was originally believed that the adenine deficiency produced by orotic acid was caused by an inhibition of the reaction of PRPP with glutamine in the de novo purine synthesis, since large amounts of PRPP are utilized for the conversion of orotic acid to uridine-5 -phosphate. However, incorporation studies of glycine-1- C in livers of orotic acid-fed rats revealed that the inhibition is caused rather by a depletion of the PRPP available for reaction with glutamine than by an effect on the condensation itself [160]. 

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