Glutamic add

In the body, proteins are built up by a series of reactions that in general produce a specific sequence of amino adds. Even tiny errors in this sequence may have serious effects. Among the genetic diseases known to be caused by improper sequencing are hemophilia, sickle cell anemia, and albinism. Sickle cell anemia is caused by the substitution of one valine unit for a glutamic add unit in a chain containing 146 monomers. 

Glutamine then reacts with a-oxoglutarate to form 2 molecules of glutamic add. This reaction is catalysed by glutamate oxoglutamate aminotransferase (GOGAT) and can be written as ... 

One molecule of glutamic add is recycled to accept ammonia and the other becomes available for protein synthesis. 

The presence of organic acid substituents in exopolysaccharides increases the lipophilidty of the molecule. In addition, for some exopolysaccharides with relatively high organic acid contents, their interaction with cations and with other polysaccharides may be influenced. Several amino adds have also been found in bacterial exopolysaccharides, including serine and L-glutamic add (Figure 7.1). 

Normally amino add synthesis will just satisfy the metabolic demand. In some cases, when the amino add occurs in both biosynthetic and energy production pathways, overproduction of the amino add can take place. This is the case, espedally for L-glutamic add, with Corynebacterium, Brevibacterium, Microbacterium and Arthrobacter. 

Despite the advantages of continuous cultures, the technique has found little application in the fermentation industry. A multi-stage system is the most common continuous fermentation and has been used in the fermentation of glutamic add. The start-up of a multi-stage continuous system proceeds as follows. Initially, batch fermentation is commenced in each vessel. Fresh medium is introduced in the first vessel, and the outflow from this proceeds into the next vessel. The overall flow rate is then adjusted so that the substrate is completely consumed in the last vessel, and the intended product accumulated. The concentration of cells, products and substrate will then reach a steady state. The optimum number of vessels and rate of medium input can be calculated from simple batch experiments. 

The salt ions are captured by the ion exchange membranes that are present. The applications are limited to desalting amino add solutions, eg removal of HQ from L-glutamic add solution. 

The elimination of the amino donor, L-aspartic acid, resulted in an almost complete reduction of activity. Neither cell permeabilisation nor cofactor (pyridoxalphosphate) addition were essential for L-phenylalanine production. Maximum conversion yield occurred (100%, 22 g r) when the amino donor concentration was increased. Aspartic add was a superior amino donor to glutamic add 35 g l 1 was used. 

Neurotransmitten Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic deft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic add, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU]... 

N as a tracer, ammonia 106 exchange reaction 105 glutamic add 106 GOGAT system 106 radioactive tracer 106 N2 and HD formation 109 N2 fixation in non-leguminous plants, actinomycetes 110 actinorhizal systems 110 NAD 74 nanocrystal 263 nanocrystalline materials 171... 

In both cases the top layer of these layered polyelectrolyte films contains many ion sites that can bind redox ions by ion exchange vdth the electrolyte solution. Homo polypeptides such as poly(L-lysine) and poly(L-glutamic add) have been employed to form layered polyelectrolyte films with Fe(CN)6 " electrostatically adsorbed onto ammonium sites in poly(lysine) [45]. Modified electrodes with polyelectrolytes mono-layers have also been deposited using the Langmuir-Blodgett technique [46-48]. 

Glutamic add an amino acid commonly found in proteins and the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the human central nervous system. 

SNA does not affect the concentrations of histamine and glutamic add, but It decreases the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase and reduces the concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) In rat brain. 5 GABA release Is Inhibited by acute administration, but not by chronic treatment. 5 SNA Increases serum creatinine phosphoklnase content In stressed rats. Recently, SNA was found to decrease methionine-enkephalin content In the medulla oblongata and mldbraln In the mouse, whereas other areas remained unaffected.48... 

H2SO4 HCOOH CH3COOH Gtric Add Aspartic Add Glutamic Add... 

Process for the Preparation of Poly-a-Glutamic Add and Derivatives Thereof... 

Gratzer and Doty (30) showed that when poly-DL-glutamic add was attached to the chain ends of water-insoluble poly-L-alanine (PLA), the resulting block... 

The mechanisms for the nonenzymatic formation of PQQ or any of its isomers are by no means obvious. These reactions must proceed from tyrosine, or partially oxidized tyrosines, and glutamic add or glutamine liberated from proteins. From tyrosine and glutamic acid, a ring alkylation and two successive ring closures are required together with a net 12-electron oxidation. 

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