Glutamate toxicity peroxides

Glutamate Toxicity and Production of Free Radicals and Lipid Peroxides... 

Virantmycin (119) isolated from S. nitrosporeus [103] exhibits an antiviral activity [104] and a weak antifungal activity. It prevents peroxidation of lipids in rat liver microsomes. In the cell assay, benzastatins C and D inhibited glutamate toxicity in N 18-RE-105 cells with EC50 values of 2.0 and 5.4 pM, respectively [105]. Pyrroxamycin (98) isolated from an unidentified streptomycete [106] was found to inhibit Gram-positive bacteria and dermatophytes. 

The benzastatin family and virantmycin are a novel class of indoline and tet-rahydroquinoline alkaloids isolated from Streptomyces nitrosporeous. Benzastatins show inhibitory activity against glutamate toxicity and lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes that can be used to prevent brain ischemia injury, and consists of indoline alkaloids such as benzastatin E, and tetrahydroquinoline alkaloids such as benzastatin C that are structurally related to virantmycin. (—)-Virantmycin, a... 

Increase of free cytosolic calcium is toxic for various reasons. Among them are the diminution of ATP levels (Tsuji et al. 1994), the protease and lipase activation, and the FR production that causes a peroxidation of lipids. The inflow of calcium in the terminals could also increase the release of endogenous excitatory amino acids and propagate neuronal damage through positive feedback (Choi and Hartley 1993). Glutamic neurotoxicity mediated by calcium follows three stages ... 

CO might also alter myelin basic protein, which may react with lipid peroxidation products to produce immunologic cascade (Thom et al, 2004). Other events that could contribute to CO toxicity include glutamate-induced neuronal injury (Ishimaru et al, 1992 Penny and Chen, 1996 Piantadosi et al, 1997), atherogenesis (Lightfoot, 1972 Thom et al, 1999), and apoptosis (Piantadosi et al, 1997). 

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