Glutamate receptor subtypes

Shigemoto, R., Kinoshita, A., Wada, E., et al. (1997) Differential presynaptic localization of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes in the rat hippocampus.. /. Neurosci. 17, 7503-7522. 

Tsuji, Y Shimada, Y Takeshita, T et al. (2000) Cryptic dimer interface and domain organization of the extracellular region of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 1../. Biol. Chem. 275, 28144-28151. 

Okamoto, T., Sekiyama, N Otsu, M Shimada, Y., Sato, A., Nakanishi, S., and Jingami, H. (1998) Expression and purification of the extracellular ligand binding region of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 1. J. Biol. Chem. 273,13089-13096. 

Flor, P. J., Maj, M., Dragic, Z., et al. (2002) Positive allosteric modulators of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 4 pharmacological and molecular characterization. Neuropharmacology 43, 286. 

Minakami, R., Jinnai, N., and Sugiyama, H. (1997) Phosphorylation and calmodulin binding of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) are antagonistic in vitro../. Biol. Chem. 272,20291-20298. 

McCarthy, J. B., Lim, S. T., Elkind, N. B., Trimmer, J. S., Duvoisin, R. M., Rodriguez-Boulan, E., and Caplan, M. J. (2001) The C-terminal tail of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 7 is necessary but not sufficient for cell surface delivery and polarized targeting in neurons and epithelia. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 9133-9140. 

Nakajima, Y., Yamamoto, T Nakayama, T and Nakanishi, S. (1999) A relationship between protein kinase C phosphorylation and calmodulin binding to the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 7. J. Biol. Chem. 274,27573-27577. 

Hirbec, H., Perestenko, O., Nishimune, A., Meyer, G., Nakanishi, S., Henley, J. M., and Dev, K. K. (2002) The PDZ proteins PICK1, GRIP, and syntenin bind multiple glutamate receptor subtypes. Analysis of PDZ binding motifs. J. Biol. Chem. 277,15221-15224. 

Fig. 1 Ionotropic glutamate receptors subtypes and sequence homology...

Bruno V, Battaglia G, Copani A, et al (2001) Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes as targets for neuroprotective drugs. J Cereb Blood FlowMetab 21 1013-1033 Bryson HM, Fulton B, Benfield P (1996) Riluzole—a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic potential in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Drugs 52 549-563... 

Several brain functions have been linked to specific glutamate receptor subtypes in selected brain regions. For example, glutamatergic neurons and NMDA receptors in the hippocampus are important for longterm potentiation (FTP), a crucial component in the formation of memory (Wilson and Tonegawa, 1997). Animal models with selective lesioning or strengthen-... 

Azkue, J..J., Murga, M., Fernandez-Capetillo, O., Mateos, J. M., Elezgarai, I., Benitez, R., Osorio, A., Diez, J., Puente, N., Bilbao, A., Bidaurrazaga, A., Kuhn, R., Grandes, P.. Immunoreactivity for the group III metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype mGluR4a in the superficial laminae of the rat spinal dorsal horn. J. Comp. Neurol. 2001, 430, 448-57. 

Gereau, R.W. 4th and Conn, P.J. Roles of specific metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes in regulation of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cell excitability, J Neurophysiol. 1995, 74, 122-129. 

The NMDA, AMPA, and kainate subtypes of glutamate receptors are probably all linked to an ion channel. The metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype, however, belongs to the G protein—linked superfamily of receptors. The specific functioning of the various subtypes of glutamate receptors is the focus of intense debate. The actions at NMDA receptors will be emphasized here in our discussions on excitotoxicity. 

In the third and last section, we will report the construction of a new pharmacophore model for metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 4 (mGlu4R) agonists. In spite of the fact that the available dataset is particularly difficult for pharmacophore modeling, we will show that the validation methods used allowed us to have great confidence in the hypotheses generated. 

Pharmacology of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtype 4 (mGlu4)... 

Karim, F., Wang, C. C., and Gereau, R. W. (2001). Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes 1 and 5 are activators of extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling required for inflammatory pain in mice. J. Neurosci. 21, 3771-3779. 

Benquet P, Gee CE, Gerber U. 2002. Two distinct signaling pathways upregulate NMDA receptor responses via two distinct metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes. J Neu-rosci 22 9679-9686. 

Breese CR, Freedman R, Leonard SS. 1995. Glutamate receptor subtype expression in human postmortem brain tissue from schizophrenics and alcohol abusers. Brain Res 674 82-90. 

Figure 13.4. Glutamate receptor subtypes and relative affinity to glutaminergic agonists.

Lindsley CW, Wisnoski DD, Leister WH, O Brien JA, Lemi-are W, Williams DL Jr, Burno M, Sur C, Kinney GG, Petti-bone DJ, Miller PR, Smith S, Duggan ME, Hartman GD, Conn PJ, Huff JR. Discovery of positive allosteric modulators for the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 from a series of V-(l,3-Diphenyl-lH-pyrazol-5-yl) benzamides that potentiate receptor function in vivo J. Med. Chem. 2004 47 5825. 

---