Glucose system with sodium chloride

To prevent aggregation of therapeutic proteins, the nature of the solutions used for reconstitution and for diluting them must be carefully chosen 5 % glucose solutions are not indicated. Sodium chloride solution has a limited use due to incompatibility with several active substances. For example, amphotericin B injection fluids cannot be diluted with sodium chloride and other electrolyte solutions because of the destabilisation of the colloidal systems. 

Tegge12 and Lebedev and coworkers14 have extensively studied the relation between temperature and the stability of 2 D-glucose N aCl H20 in aqueous systems. The fact that this adduct crystallises better than pure D-glucose from aqueous solution is important industrially. o-Glucose may be recovered from its adduct in 77.1% yield by agitating the adduct with water at 5° for 1 hour.14 The sodium chloride dissolves, and the D-glucose remains as a crystalline solid. 

Both DPNH and TPNH were regenerated in this experiment with glucose and glucose dehydrogenase as hydrogen donor system. Sodium chloride (0.1 M final concentration) was used to demonstrate the inhibition. 

Aliquots (75 pi of 1% solution) of the supernatants of the enzymic hydrolysates of starches were injected into a water-jacketed column (50 x 1.0 cm i.d.) packed with Biogel P2 (400 mesh particle size) and maintained at 60 C. The mobile phase was 0.1 M sodium chloride with a flow rate of 0.16 mL/min. The column eluent was continuously monitored using an automated L-cysteine sulfuric acid assay. The system was standardized by injecting a mixture of glucose and malto-oligosaccharides of known composition. 

TO, a 77-year-old male nursing home resident is admitted to the hospital with a 3-day history of altered mental status. The patient was unable to give a history or review of systems. On physical examination the vital signs revealed a blood pressure of 100/60 mm Hg, pulse 110 beats per minute, respirations 14/minutes, and a temperature of 101°F (38.3°C). Rales and dullness to percussion were noted at the posterior right base. The cardiac exam was significant for tachycardia. No edema was present. Laboratory studies included sodium 160 mEq/L (160 mmol/L), potassium 4.6 mEq/L (4.6 mmol/L), chloride 120 mEq/L (120 mmol/L), bicarbonate 30 mEq/L (30 mmol/L), glucose 104 mg/dL (5.77 mmol/L), BUN 34 mg/dL (12.14 mmol/L), and creatinine 2.2 mg/dL (194.5 pmol/L). The CBC was within normal limits. Chest x-ray indicated a right lower lobe pneumonia. 

Most of the filtered sodium is resorbed, not by the distal tubule, but by more proximal segments of the renal tubule. Sodium resorption in these regions can be regulated, though the adjustments that occur are not as important to maintaining Na balance as those occurring in the distal tubule. The transport systems to be described involve the resorption of glucose, amino acids, bicarbonate, potassium, and chloride. Sodium ions are resorbed, or cotransported, with all of these nutrients. 

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