Glucose-producing processes

Glycolysis produces energy. Michael Johnson sprints to another victory in the 200-meter semifinals of the Olympics. Johnson, like anyone who sprints, requires a source of energy that can be rapidly accessed. The anaerobic metabolism of glucose the process of glycolysis provides such a source of energy for short, intense bouts of exercise. [Simon Bruty/ Allsport.]... 

This xerogel is a polymer of the polysaccharide dex-tran, a naturally derived polymer of glucose produced by cultures of a micro-organism, Leuconostoc mesen-teroides. The gel is formed when the dextran molecules comprising the disperse phase of the hydrocolloid are cross-linked by a chemical process utilizing epichloro-hydrin and sodium hydroxide. Dextranomer is available as beads or paste. The material requires a secondary dressing. 

Phosphorylation and isomerization. Glucose, produced by the digestion of dietary carbohydrate., is first phosphorylated at the hydroxyl group on C6 by reaction with ATP in a process catalyzed by the enzyme hexokinase. The glucose 6-phosphate that results is isomerized by glucose 6-phosphate isomerase to fructose 6-phosphate. As the open-chain structures in Figure 29.4 show, this isomerization reaction takes place by keto-enol tautomerism (Section 22.1), since both glucose and fructose share a common enol ... 

Gluconeogenesis, the process by which glucose is synthesized from noncarbohydrate precursors, occurs mainly in the liver under fasting conditions. Under the more extreme conditions of starvation, the kidney cortex also may produce glucose. For the most part, the glucose produced by the kidney cortex is used by the kidney medulla, but some may enter the bloodstream. 

Muscle tissue uses large quantities of glucose, producing lactate in the process. The liver is an important site of gluconeogenesis to recycle the lactate to glucose. 

Succinate producers Process description Succinate yield [mol/mol] Total succinate produced [mM] Volumetric productivity [mMdi] Total by-product cone. [mM] (mM carbon) By-product yield [mol C by-product/mol C glucose] Reference... 

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