Glucose-6-phosphate availability

Activity of hexokinase, the enzyme which makes glucose-6-phosphate available for either the glycolytic or pentose phosphate pathway, rises as the total metabolic activity of the cotyledons rises, then falls as the reserves are depleted. 

Therefore, each chain has only one nonreducing end that is available for phos-phorolysis by the fungal enzyme. Compared with the rate of breakdown of molecules of glycogen, whose branched chains provide more sites for the action of glycogen phosphorylase, the generation of glucose phosphate molecules from cellulose by means of the fungal enzyme alone could be quite slow. Therefore, you... 

The most convenient method is the formation of two equivalents of (25) by retro-aldol cleavage from commercially available (26) by the combined action of FruA and triose phosphate isomerase (Figure 10.18 inset) [84]. This scheme has been extended into a highly integrated, artificial metabolism for the efficacious in situ preparation of (25) from inexpensive feedstock such as glucose and fructose (two equivalents of... 

Insulin stimulates lipogenesis by several other mechanisms as well as by increasing acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity. It increases the transport of glucose into the cell (eg, in adipose tissue), increasing the availability of both pyruvate for fatty acid synthesis and glycerol 3-phosphate for esterification of the newly formed fatty acids, and also converts the inactive form of pyruvate dehydrogenase to the active form in adipose tissue but not in liver. Insulin also—by its ability to depress the level of intracellular cAMP—inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue and thereby reduces the concentration of... 

Clavulanic acid is synthesized by the condensation of L-arginine and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) as the first step [75,77] (Figure 12.2). A series of experiments revealed that the synthesis of clavulanic acid was limited by the availability of the C3 precursor, resulting from the species s limited ability to assimilate glucose [78]. Thus, the enhancement of clavulanic acid production requires alleviation of competition from other pathways for a C3 precursor [79]. 

The design of fluorescent sensors is of major importance because of the high demand in analytical chemistry, clinical biochemistry, medicine, the environment, etc. Numerous chemical and biochemical analytes can be detected by fluorescence methods cations (H+, Li+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Al3+, Cd2+, etc.), anions (halide ions, citrates, carboxylates, phosphates, ATP, etc.), neutral molecules (sugars, e.g. glucose, etc.) and gases (O2, CO2, NO, etc.). There is already a wide choice of fluorescent molecular sensors for particular applications and many of them are commercially available. However, there is still a need for sensors with improved selectivity and minimum perturbation of the microenvironment to be probed. Moreover, there is the potential for progress in the development of fluorescent sensors for biochemical analytes (amino acids, coenzymes, carbohydrates, nucleosides, nucleotides, etc.). 

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