Glucose particle size effect

Carbon black is derived from vegetable material, usually peat, by complete combustion to residual carbon. The particle size is very small, usually less than 5 /rm, and consequently is very difficult to handle. It is usually sold to the food industry in the form of a viscous paste in a glucose syrup. Carbon black is very stable and technologically a very effective colorant. It is widely used in Europe and other countries in confectionery. 

Besson M, Gallezot P, Lahmer E, Eleche G, Euertes P (1993) Oxidation of glucose on palladium catalysts particle size and support effects. In Kosak JR, Johnson TA (eds) Catalysis of organic reactions. Marcel Dekker, New York... 

Mori, T.A., Burke, V., Puddey, I.B., Watts, G.F., O Neal, D.N., Best, J.D. and Beilin, L.J. (2000a) Purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids have differential effects on serum lipids and lipoproteins, LDL particle size, glucose, and insulin in mildly hyperlipidemic men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71 1085-1094. 

The protective effect of the surfactant can be compromised by lyophilization [48], It has been found that, to prevent an increase in particle size, the lipid content of the SLN dispersion should not exceed 5%. Direct contact of lipid particles is decreased in diluted samples. Furthermore, diluted SLN dispersions will also have higher sublimation velocities and a higher specific surface area [49], The addition of cryoprotectors will be necessary to decrease SLN aggregation and to obtain a better redispersion of the dry product. Typical cryoprotective agents are sorbitol, mannose, trehalose, glucose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone. 

Heiati compared the influence of four cryoprotectors (trehalose, glucose, lactose, and mannitol) on the particle size of azidothymidine palmitate-loaded SLN lyophilizates [47], Trehalose was found to be the most effective cryoprotector for preventing aggregation during lyophilization and subsequent reconstitution of SLN. A sugar/lipid weight ratio of 2.6 to 3.9 was recommended. 

Fig. 3 Effects of switchgrass particle size of RF pretreatment on lignin removal of original switch-grass (a) and the yield of glucose, xylose, and the total sugars in the pretreatment stage (b), hydrolysis stage (c), and combined two stages (d). Pretreatment was performed at 90°C, 20% solid eontent for 60 min...

Figure 9. Dependence of residual activity (effectiveness of immobilized cells) on particle size and cell loading for the production of gluconic acid from glucose with calcium alginate immobilized Acetobacter simplex cells.

Heaton, K.W., et al.. Particle size of wheat, maize, and oat test meals effects on plasma glucose and insulin responses and on the rate of starch digestion in vitro. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 47, 675, 1988. 

In 2005, Rossi and coworkers investigated the effect of the carbon support on the activity of Au/C catalysts in the oxidation of glucose under atmospheric pressure of oxygen at 323 K and a pH of 9.5 [121]. Au nanoparticles (in a range of 1-6 nm) dispersed on carbon XC72R (specific area 254 m g pore volume 0.19 mL g ) were more active than Au nanoparticles dispersed on carbon X40S (specific area 1,100 m g pore volume 0.37 mL g ). However, if the nature of the carbon support played a role on the catalyst activity, authors pointed out that the major role was played by the size of the Au nanoparticles, the smaller particles being the most active. 

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