Glucose in diabetes mellitus

Because phenothiazines affect carbohydrate metabolism, they can interfere with the control of blood glucose in diabetes mellitus (445,623). 

Aloes have been used on the skin to reduce the pain and swelling of bums, improve the sjmptoms of genital herpes and other skin conditions such as psoriasis, and to help heal wounds and frostbite. Aloe has been used orally to treat arthritis, asthma, diabetes, pruritus, peptic ulcers, and constipation. It may be effective in inflammatory bowel disease (1). It may reduce blood glucose in diabetes mellitus and blood Upid concentrations in hyperlipidemia (2). 

Hunt, J. (1994). Glucose chemistry and atherosclerosis in diabetes mellitus. In Free Radicals in the Environment, Medicine and Toxicology. Current Aspects and Current Highlights (eds. H. Nohl, H. Esterbauer and C. Rice-Evans) pp. 137-162, Richelieu Press, London. 

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) and its derivative pyridoxamine are apparently able to inhibit superoxide production, reduce lipid peroxidation and glycosylation in high glucose-exposed erythrocytes [353], It was suggested that the suppression of oxidative stress in erythrocytes may be a new mechanism by which these natural compounds inhibit the development of complication in diabetes mellitus. 

Q86 Repaglinide stimulates peripheral utilisation of glucose. Repaglinide is indicated only as monotherapy in diabetes mellitus. 

During anaerobic glycolysis in the muscles and erythrocytes, glucose is converted into lactate, releasing protons in the process (see p. 338). The synthesis of the ketone bodies acetoacetic acid and 3-hydroxybutyric acid in the liver (see p. 312) also releases protons. Normally, the amounts formed are small and of little influence on the proton balance. If acids are formed in large amounts, however (e. g., during starvation or in diabetes mellitus see p. 160), they strain the buffer systems and can lead to a reduction in pH (metabolic acidoses lactacidosis or ketoacidosis). 

Shifts in the concentrations of the physiological components of the urine and the appearance of pathological urine components can be used to diagnose diseases. Important examples are glucose and ketone bodies, which are excreted to a greater extent in diabetes mellitus (see p. 160). 

It contains Galegin, which reduces blood glucose and is therefore used in diabetes mellitus. 

Pickup JC, Shaw GW, Claremont DJ. In vivo molecular sensing in diabetes mellitus an implantable glucose sensor with direct electron transfer. Diabetologia 1989, 32,213-217. 

Randle, P.J., Priestman, D.A., Mistry, S., and Halsall, A. 1994. Mechanisms modifying glucose oxidation in diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 37(Suppl 2) S 155—S161. 

Osmotic diuretics. Diuretics that are filtered in the glomerulus but cannot be re-absorbed. An example is mannitol. Their presence leads to an increase in the osmolarity of the filtrate to maintain osmotic balance, water is retained in the urine. Glucose, like mannitol, can also behave as an osmotic diuretic. In diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glucose in the blood exceeds the maximum resorption capacity of the kidney glucose remains in the filtrate, leading to the osmotic retention of water in the urine. 

Glucagon, which is produced in the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans, is used in diabetes mellitus type 1 to stimulate glucose output from the liver during hypoglycemia (1 mg subcutaneously, repeated once or twice) when glucose cannot be given intravenously. In some countries... 

In diabetes mellitus, blood glucose homoeostasis and rate of lipolysis in adipose tissue appear to be associated. This relationship is most apparent in an insulin-deficient state, where glucose homoeostasis is maintained at the expense of other fuel sources, mainly FFA. Insulin deficiency initiates lipolysis. The increase in fatty acid oxidation further favours hepatic gluconeogenesis. 

Guar gum is used in diabetes mellitus as an adjunct to treatment with diet, insulin or oral hypoglycaemics because it is considered to reduce the peak blood glucose concentrations that occur following meals. It cannot be used instead of other/earlier therapy regimes. It must not be used to reduce obesity. It is given with or immediately before meals in doses of 5 g usually... 

Figure 25-13 Response of plasma insulin to glucose stimulation. A 20-g glucose pulse is given intravenously at time 0. A, Healthy subjects. B, Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). C, Patients with type I diabetes mellitus (IDDM). IRf, Immunoreactive insulin. Values before time 0 represent baseline. (From Pfeifer MA, Halter JB, Porte D Jr. Insulin secretion in diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 1981 70.-579-88.)...

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