Gluconeogenesis, stimulation

Mechanism of Action Aglucose elevating agent that promotes hepatic glycogenoly-sis, gluconeogenesis. Stimulates production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which results in increased plasma glucose concentration, smooth muscle relaxation, and an inotropic myocardial effect. Therapeutic Effect Increases plasma glucose level. 

Mechanism of Action A natural hormone derived from animal sources, usually beef or pork, fhat is involved in normal mefabolism, growfh, and development, especially the central nervous system (CNS) of infanfs. Possesses cafabolic and anabolic effecfs. Provides both levothyroxine and liothyronine hormones. Therapeutic Effect Increases basal metabolic rate, enhances gluconeogenesis, stimulates protein synthesis. 

Involved in normal metabolism, growth, and development (especially CNS of infants). Possesses catabolic and anabolic effects. Increases basal metabolic rate, enhances gluconeogenesis, stimulates protein synthesis. 

Cortisol Provides for changing requirements over the long-term Stimulates amino acid mobilization from muscle protein Stimulates gluconeogenesis Stimulates fatty acid release from adipose issue... 

In general, the thyroid hormone increases glucose level by glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, stimulates lipolysis especially in hyperthyroidism. In normal conditions, the thyroid hormone has stimulatory effects on the synthesis of proteins but also leads to catabolic reactions in muscle under hypo- and hyperthyroid states [10]. 

As described in Chapter 19, Emile Van Schaftingen and Henri-Gery Hers demonstrated in 1980 that fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is a potent stimulator of phosphofructokinase. Cognizant of the reciprocal nature of regulation in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Van Schaftingen and Hers also considered the... 

Metformin restrains hepatic glucose production principally by suppression of gluconeogenesis. The mechanisms involve potentiation of insulin action and decreased hepatic extraction of certain gluconeogenic substrates such as lactate. In addition, metformin reduces the rate of hepatic glycogenolysis and decreases the activity of hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and glycogenesis by skeletal muscle is increased by metformin mainly by increased... 

Kessar, P. and Sa erson, E.D. (1980). Evidence that catecholamines stimulate renal gluconeogenesis through a-type of adrenoceptor. Biochem. J. 190, 119-123. 

Nutrient homeostasis cell uptake of glucose (especially important in adipose and muscle), amino acids (all cells) and fatty acids stimulation of glycolysis but inhibition of gluconeogenesis (liver), synthesis of glycogen (liver and muscle), triglyceride (liver and adipose) and protein (all cells) ... 

Figure F -6. Cortisol and Glucagon Stimulate Gluconeogenesis Through Enhancer Mechanisms...

The FADHj and NADH are oxidized in the electron transport chain, providing ATP. In musde and adipose tissue, the acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cyde. In liver, the ATP may be used for gluconeogenesis, and the acetyl CoA (which cannot be converted to glucose) stimulates gluco-neogenesis by activating pyruvate carboxylase. 

Hormones can modify the concentration of precursors, particularly the lipolytic hormones (growth hormone, glucagon, adrenaline) and cortisol. The lipolytic hormones stimulate lipolysis in adipose tissue so that they increase glycerol release and the glycerol is then available for gluconeogenesis. Cortisol increases protein degradation in muscle, which increases the release of amino acids (especially glutamine and alanine) from muscle (Chapter 18). 

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