Global Earth observation system

Mohr T. and Bridge J. (2003). The evolution of the integrated global Earth observing system. Studying the Earth from Space, 1, 64-73. 

Brownlie, 1. (2003). Principles of public international law. New York Oxford University Press. Christian, E. (2005). Planning for the global earth observation system of systems (GEOSS). Space Policy, 21(2). 105-110. 

Lautenbacher, C. C. (2006). The global earth observation system of systems Science serving society. Space Policy, 22(1), 8-11. 

GEOSS Global system incorporating all Earth-observing systems. It combines basic spaceborne systems of observations of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and land. 

ADEOS An improved, satellite Earth-observing system equipped with modernized radiometer of the visible and near-IR intervals (AYNIR), ocean color and temperature scanner (OCTS), and radiometer POLDER to carry out global systematic measurements of polarization and spectral characteristics of solar radiation reflected by the Earth-atmosphere system. The satellite ADEOS-2/ Midori-2 was launched on December 14, 2002 by the Japan Space Agency and is an ideal means of global monitoring. 

Fails to substantiate a single approach to creating a global observing system. The ESSP (i.e., the partnership set up for complex study of the Earth s system) does not resolve such a problem. 

Main applications for GEO satellites are telecommunications (TV broadcasting, internet, voice and telephones) and meteorology. MEO/HEO (elliptical orbits) satellites are mainly dedicated to global positioning systems. LEO satellites applications include Earth observations, communications (mobile satellite constellations), scientific/techno-logical demonstrations and early warning systems. 

We cannot disagree with Stanley (2005) and Stanley et al. (2005) that our planet is a system of integrated components driven by the Earth s internal heat and external energy from the Sun. It is evident that geospheric processes like plate tectonics, volcanism, and the rock cycle are linked to the hydrosphere, atmosphere, climate system, and biosphere, and their interactions form the global processes that we observe. 

This survey of the current state of knowledge of satellite geochemistry also uncovers the many areas where there are unsolved problems and major issues still to be addressed by future observations and theoretical work. On the observational side, most of the chemical information we now have for objects beyond the Galilean satellites comes from bulk density and global telescopic spectral data. The Cassini/Huygens mission, which arrives at Saturn in July of 2004, will allow more detailed study of all the satellites of this major system. In particular. Titan is now known primarily through detailed study of its upper atmosphere from Voyager and Earth-based... 

Another meteor shower known as the Leonid occurs every year in November, caused by the tail of comet Tempel-Tuttle, which passes through the inner solar system every 32-33 years. Such a year was 1998 on November 17 and 18, 1998, observers on Earth saw as many as 200 meteors an hour. The shower was so intense that it generated widespread concern about the dismp-tion of global telecommunications and the possible damage or destmction of space telescopes. Partly as a result of careful preparation by satellite and telescope engineers, however, concerns afpeared to be minimal. 

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