Gliocladium species

Fusarium, Penicillium, Cylindrocarpon, Aspergillus and Gliocladium species [8 101. One example reported was the conversion of progesterone into A1,4-androstadien-3,17-di-one in 84% yield as illustrated in Fig. 16.5-1 181. 

Examples of Classes of Peptaibols from Trichoderma and Gliocladium Species... 

Helvolic acid (164) originally isolated from Aspergillus fumigatus has also been identified in Gliocladium species where it cooccurs with the 1, 2-dihydro analogue [59]. Helvolic acid shares the unusual tetracyclic triterpene skeleton of the fusidanes with fusidic acid and the cephalosporin Pi and all show antibacterial activity [230, 231]. 

Kasai, Y., Komatsu, K., Shigemori, H., Tsuda, M., Mikami, Y., and Kobayashi, J. (2005) Cladionol A, a polyketide glycoside from marine-derived fungus Gliocladium species. J. Nat. Prod., 68, 777-779. 

Evidence for the biosynthesis of metabolites containing the 4-hydroxy-2-pyridone chromophore has been obtained. Ilicicolin H (92) is an antifungal metabolite firstly obtained from Cylindrocladium ilicicola [116] and subsequently isolated from a Gliocladium sp. [117, 118]. It is interesting to note that Gliocladium and Trichoderma species are closely related and have frequently been confused. The 4-hydroxy-2-pyridone... 

The first "marine" representative of this series was gliotoxin (85) (a white crystal), which was isolated from the culture medium (extraction yield 100 mg/ml) of the Ascomycotina, Aspergillus sp. (Trichocomaceae), obtained from a Japanese sea-bottom mud [110]. This substance had previously been identified as one of the fungal toxins produced by several species of terrestrial Aspergillus, Gliocladium and Penicillium [108]. 

The simple trichothecenes are products of Acremonium, Fusarium, Myrothecium, Stachybotrys and Trichoderma spp., and one species each of Cephalosporium, Cylindrocladium, Dendrostilbella, Gliocladium, Memnoniella, Microdocium, Spicellum and Trichothecium. Trichothecium roseum is, nevertheless, responsible for 12 metabolic products with... 

Gliocladium catenulatum deliquescens luteolum roseum species... 

The smallest cyclic peptides built from amino acids are the so-called diketopiperazines (DKP). In recent research, the DKPs and higher functionalized analogs - the thiodiketopiperazines (TDKP) - have become attractive due to their broad biological activity (390). The DKP or TDKP moiety can be found in a great variety of mycotoxins. Both DKPs and TDKPs can, for example, be isolated from Aspergillus, Candida, Chaetomium, Gliocladium, Penicillium, and Verticillium species (7, 390). The most common structural motifs A-D of this class of compounds are depicted in Fig. 10.1. Many of these natural products show C2 symmetry, which means they consist of two identical amino acids (R = R in Fig. 10.1). 

Several diketopiperazine antibiotics have been isolated from fungi, for example gliotoxin(I),mycelianamide (II), aspergillic acid (III) and echinulin. These four antibiotics are produced by species of the genera, Trichoderma, Gliocladium, Peni-cillium and Aspergillus. 

This species, already known by the name Gliocladium virens, contains gliotoxin, which is a powerful antibiotic. 

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