Glial cells, functions

Number of papers to date have shown that the CXCR4 receptors expressed in both neuronal and glial cells are functional and coupled to multiple intracellular pathways (Lazarini et al. 2003). The CXCR4 through pertussis toxin (PTX)- sensitive G proteins is coupled to at least two distinct signaling pathways (1) the first pathway, involving the activation of phosphatidylinositol- 3 (PI-3) kinase and extracellular signal... 

In the past few years an increasing set of evidence has converged on the major role of glial cells and alterations in their function in the pathway toward... 

Ahn SY, Cho CH, Park KG, Lee HI, Lee S, Park SK, Lee IK, Koh GY (2004) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces fractaUdne expression preferentially in arterial endothelial cells and mithramycin A suppresses TNF-alpha-induced fractaUdne expression. Am J Pathol 164 1663-1672 Alfano M, Schmidtmayerova H, Amelia CA, Pushkarsky T, Bukrinsky M (1999) The B-oligomer of pertussis toxin deactivates CC chemokine receptor 5 and blocks entry of M-tropic HIV-1 strains, [see comments]. J Exp Med 190 597-605 Ambrosini E, Alois F (2004) Chemokines and glial cells a complex network in the central nervous system. [Review] [239 refs]. Neurochem Res 29 1017-1038 Azuma Y, Ohura K (2002) Endomorphins 1 and 2 inhibit IL-10 and IL-12 production and innate immune functions, and potentiate NE-kappaB DNA binding in THP-1 differentiated to macrophagelike cells. Scand J Immunol 56 260-269... 

There are different types of cholinesterases in the human body, and they differ in their location in tissues, substrate affinity, and physiological function. The main ones are ACHE, present in nervous tissue and red blood cells (RBC-ACHE), and plasma cholinesterases (PCHE), present in glial cells, plasma, and liver. The physiological functions of RBC-ACHE and PCHE, if any, are unknown. 

Baslow MH (2000) Functions of W-acetyl-L-aspartatc and W-acetyl-L-asparty[glutamate in the vertebrate brain role in glial cell-specific signaling. J Neurochem 75 453—459... 

As in previous chapters, to appreciate the use of chemical elements in a new structure, here the brain, the nature of its compartments must be described. The evolution of the brain from the nematode can be traced all the way up to man in its quickly changing construction. No doubt there are lots of possible different arrangements of the zones of the brain but even so a line of ascending organisation can be drawn over a few hundred million years (Fig. 9.4 and Table 9.3). Particular features not stressed so far are the mutual development of the brain nerve and glial cells in zones, the possible functions of the zones (Table 9.4), the position... 

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