Gibbs energy 580 INDEX

Let us write AG for the Gibbs energy change occurring during a chemical reaction m involving the conversion of moles of reactants (index react ) and products ( prod ). We find that... 

Gibbs energies of, table 294 of proteins 116-118 Hydropathy index 78, 79 Hydrophobic effect 50 Hydrophobic interaction chromatography 103... 

Instrumental methods in chemistry make it possible to characterize any chemical compound by a very large number of different kind of measurements. Such data can be called observables. Examples are provided by Spectroscopy (absorbtions in IR, NMR, UV, ESCA. ..) chromatography (retentions in TLC, HPLC, GLC. ..) thermodynamics (heat capacity, standard Gibbs energy of formation, heat of vaporization. ..) physical propery measures (refractive index, boiling point, dielectric constant, dipole moment, solubility. ..) chemical properties (protolytic constants, ionzation potential, lipophilicity (log P)...) structural data (bond lengths, bond angles, van der Waals radii...) empirical structural parameters (Es, [Pg.34]

The index of the latter exponent is the change in the Gibbs energy during the formation of one mole of drops (nuclei) of radius r from the vapor at partial pressure p ... 

Because of the complicated interactions between solvents and solutes, the prediction of solvent effects on reaction rates, and the correlation of these effects with intrinsic solvent properties, is very difficult. Nevertheless, many authors have tried to establish -empirieally or theoretically - correlations between rate constants or Gibbs energies of aetivation and characteristic solvent parameters such as relative permittivity, r, dipole moment, fi, refractive index, n, solubility parameter, 5, empirical solvent polarity parameters, etc., as schematically shown by Eq. (5-9). 

Table 5. Reaction energies for the hydration of platinum complexes subscript denotes a reaction, and a denotes activation energies or Gibbs enthalpies. Index means activation energies corrected on the proper reactant conformer.

Gibbs Energy of Formation of Metal Oxides Heat Capacity of Liquids and Gases at 25°C Heat Capacity of Mercury Index of Refraction of Fused Quartz... 

Here Y denotes a general bulk property, Tw that of pure water and Ys that of the pure co-solvent, and the y, are listed coefficients, generally up to i=3 being required. Annotated data are provided in (Marcus 2002) for the viscosity rj, relative permittivity r, refractive index (at the sodium D-line) d. excess molar Gibbs energy G, excess molar enthalpy excess molar isobaric heat capacity Cp, excess molar volume V, isobaric expansibility ap, adiabatic compressibility ks, and surface tension Y of aqueous mixtures with many co-solvents. These include methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol (tert-butanol), 1,2-ethanediol, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, pyridine, acetone, acetonitrile, N, N-dimethylformamide, and dimethylsulfoxide and a few others. 

The 1978 publication is a 456 page monograph containing selected values for the entropy, molar volume, and for the enthalpy and Gibbs energy of formation for the elements, 133 oxides, and 212 other minerals and related substances at 298.15 K. Thermal functions are also given for those substances for which heat-capacity or heat-content data are available. The thermal functions are tabulated at 100 K intervals for temperatures up to 1800 K. The monograph includes detailed references to the source literature and a compound index. 

In the lattice fluid theory, as formulated by Sanchez and Lacombe(Lacombe Sanchez, 1976 Sanchez Lacombe, 1976), the energy of mixing for binary polymer containing systems is related to the Gibbs energy per mer (indicated by the double bar) of the mixture (index M) and that of the pnire components (indexlor2) by... 

NIST/ASME Steam Properties Database versiou 2.21 http //www.nist.gov/srd/nistlO.cfm (accessed November 10, 2010) (purchase required). Thermophysical properties include in the STEAM Database temperature, Helmholtz energy, thermodynamic derivatives, pressure, Gibbs energy, density, fugacity, thermal conductivity, volume, isothermal compressibility, viscosity, dielectric constant, enthalpy, volume expansivity, dielectric derivatives, internal energy, speed of sound, Debye-Hlickel slopes, entropy, Joule-Thomson coefficient, refractive index, heat capacity, surface tension. The STEAM database generates tables and plots of property values. Vapor-liquid-solid saturation calculations with either temperature or pressure specified are available. 

TABLE 4.11 Lewis Acidity and Basicity indexes of Ions from the Standard Molar Gibbs Energies of Transfer and from indicator Measurements in Poorly Solvating Solvents... 

The double-indexed g parameters are for binary interaction parameters. The first line of the above relation represents the combinatorial part, and the second line the residual part of the reduced segment molar Gibbs energy of mixing. This relation also contains a ternary interaction parameter tij that accounts for the expectation that the interaction between two components of the ternary mixture may change in the presence of a third component. 

Let us consider a chain in a good solvent, of end-to-end distance R, polymerization index N and internal average volume fraction = Na /R, where is the volume of the monomer. Following Flory, the total Gibbs energy can be written as the sum of two terms ... 

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