Germany organic chemicals

The main suppHers and manufacturers of polymethine dyes are Aldrich Chemical Company, Eastman Organic Chemicals (U.S.), Japanese Institute for Photosensitizing Dyes, NK Dyes (Japan), Riedel deHaen (Germany), Institute of Organic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences (Ukraine), and NIIKhim-EotoProekt (Russia). 

The catalyst, 3-benzyl-5-(2-hydroxyethyl )-4-methyl-l, 3-thiazoHum chloride, is supplied by Fluka AG, Buchs, Switzerland, and by Tridom Chemical, Inc., Hauppauge, New York. The thiazolium salt may also be prepared as described below by benzylation of 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-l,3-thiazole which is commercially available from E. Merck, Darmstadt, West Germany, and Columbia Organic Chemicals Co., Inc., Columbia, SC. The acetonitrile used by the checkers was dried over Linde 3A molecular sieves and distilled under nitrogen, bp 77-78°C. The same yield of thiazolium salt was obtained by the checkers when benzyl chloride and acetonitrile from commercial sources were used without purification. 

Sankyo Organic Chemicals (Japan) Sigma-Aldrich Laborchemikalien (Germany) Sudarshan Chemical Industries (India)... 

Institute of Organic Chemistry and Organic Chemical Technology of the Technical University, Stuttgart, Germany... 

The submitters used sodium azide obtained from Dr. F. Raschig, GmbH, 67 Ludwigshafen, Rhein, Germany. The checkers used material from Eastman Organic Chemicals. 

Industrial Organic Chemicals Starting Materials and Intermediates An Ullmann s Encyclopedia, Vol. 7, p. 4135, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 1999. 

With the advent of World War I in the summer of 1914, the United States (U.S.) chemists and the chemical industry were propelled into the public arena. At the time, the Germans dominated the chemical industry. However, shipments of chemicals from Germany to the U.S. were thwarted by the British blockade. Consequently, several American Chemical Society (ACS) chapters called on U.S. chemical companies to expand production into dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals, and other organic chemicals. The war effort led to expansions in the steel and petroleum industries which stimulated growth in the production of coal-tar chemicals and petrochemicals that the chemical industry could convert to dyes, drugs, and other products. This lessened the dependence on Germany. The increased demand for explosives called for increased supplies of toluene, phenol and nitric acid (Skolnik Reese, 1976). 

Beilstein/CrossFire. 1999. Properties of organic chemicals. Frankfurt, Germany. Cranium , Molecular Knowledge, Bedford, New Hampshire, 1998. Group contribution methods (GCM) for estimation of range of molecular properties. 

Hindustan Organic Chemicals (India) Merck (Germany)... 

Senesi, N. and Y. Chen (1989). Interactions of toxic organic chemicals with humic substances. In E. A. Gerstl, ed., Toxic Organic Chemicals in Porus Media. Berlin, Germany Springer-Verlag, pp. 37-90. 

Syntex and its founders R. R. Marker, E. Somlo and F. A. Lehmann)21,22 and a review of forty years of organic chemistry at the Polish Academy of Sciences.23 Other organic chemical communities to be encountered later in this chapter include many in America and others in Germany, Sweden, Poland and Croatia. 

P. J. T. Morris, Ambros, Reppe, and the emergence of heavy organic chemicals in Germany, 1925-1945 , in Determinants in the Evolution of the European Chemical Industry, 1900-1939 New Technologies, Political Frameworks, Markets and Companies, ed. A. S. Travis, H. G. Schroter, E. Homburg, P. J. T. Morris, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1998, pp. 89-122. 

At the start of the First World War, nearly all fine chemicals, such as pharmaceuticals and anaesthetics, were produced in Germany and Austria. Thus, it was of the utmost priority to develop a homegrown organic chemical industry. This task took time. Arthur Schuster, Secretary to the Royal Society, wrote to all university chemistry departments It has been thought desirable to enlist the voluntary services of the many chemical laboratories connected with the educational institutions of the country, to meet the urgent demand for the immediate supply of certain of these drugs, mainly organic products. 10... 

TERRox A biological process for decontaminating soil that has been polluted by hydrocarbons and other organic chemicals. Developed by Degussa and operated at its plant in Knapsack, Germany, from 1996. 

A qualitative comparison of the activity of the chemical industry of each country is given in Table 4.1, which broadly compares turnovers and trade balances. France and Germany primarily produce basic organic chemicals whereas UK manufacturing is based on higher value specialty and fine chemicals. Sweden s industrial activities are spread across the three sub-sectors. 

If international competition becomes increasingly pronounced in basic organics during the next two decades, as predicted by the OECD [374], France and Germany may need to examine the sustainability of their chemical industries. Economic pressure on French and German organic chemical companies may become particularly pronounced... 

Most of the photo-initiated processes in the atmosphere are radical reactions. However, the hydroxyl radical ( OH) is of special significance for the chemistry of the atmosphere (Ehhalt, 1999). This reactive species is mainly responsible for the photooxidation of trace organic chemicals in the troposphere and hence for the oxidative cleansing of the atmosphere (Fabian, 1989). It is nature s atmospheric detergent (Comes, 1994, Ravishankara, et al. 1998). Furthermore, several years ago it was well established that the interaction of UV/VIS radiation and environmental pollution seems to be responsible for the dramatic forest decline that has been observed, for example in the higher areas of the Black Forest or the Ore Mountains in Germany (Schenck, 1985). 

IBM in Germany organized a symposium on Computational Methods in Chemistry at Bad Neuenahr in 1979 with the preface According to Graham Richards the Third Age of Quantum Chemistry has started, where the results of quantum chemical calculation can guide the experimentalists in their search for the unknown. One of the examples chosen to underline this statement was the acetylene molecule. In 1970 Kammer had made qualitatively correct predictions for the first cis ( Bu and trans ( Bu A ) bent... 

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