Gases geothermal

Table 3.6 Arsenic concentrations in condensates of volcanic and geothermal gases from various locations. Except for three analyses from Nicaragua by Quiseftet al. (1989), all of the data are from Signorelli (1997), 242.

Hirner, A.V., Feldmann, J., Krupp, E. et al. (1998) Metal(loid)organic compounds in geothermal gases and waters. Organic Geochemistry, 29(5-7 pt 2), 1765-78. 

AV Hirner, J Feldmann, E Krupp, R Grumping, R Goguel, WR Cullen. Metal(loid)or-ganic compounds in geothermal gases and waters. Org Geochem 29 1765-1778,1998. 

Fig. 6. 6 C(CH4) vs. 5 C(C02) plots (a) for TVZ geothermal gases, (b) expansion of (a) for Ohaaki, Tikitere and Wairakei samples only. The regression lines shown exclude the circled points.

Lyon G. L. and Hulston J. R. (1984) Carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions of New Zealand geothermal gases. 

Lyon, G. 1974. Geothermal gases. In Natural Gases in Marine Sediments. Kaplan, I.R., ed., Plenum Press, New York, pp. 141-150. 

Giggenbach, W.F.(1980) Geothermal gas equilibria. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 44, 2021-2023. 

Geothermal Gas Cleanup. The selection of a primary abatement system for a geothermal power plant is influenced by several factors, including (I) the level of H2S in the steam and the level of abatement needed, (2) the partition of H2S between the noncondensable gases and the condensate, and (3) the volume and quality of sulfur that can be produced (Kenny et al., 1988). 

The applicability of the SulFerox process to geothermal gas clean up depends on the partition of H2S between the condensate and noncondensable gases, which depends on the level of ammonia in the steam and the condenser design. As the ammonia level rises, the amount of H2S dissolved in the steam condensate increases. This makes the SulFerox process less attractive because separate condensate treatment can be required. Since the noncondensable gases are contacted with much less water with indirect cooling than with direct contact condensation, less H2S is dissolved and a major fraction remains in the gas phase. Therefore, operating plants that have been retrofitted with surface condensers are more likely to yield improved economics when the SulFerox process is used to treat the noncondensable vent gas. 

Renewable Energy (on-site) RE 14 Strategies to generate various forms of renewable energy (sun, wind, geothermal, gas, etc). 

Another applieation for turboexpanders is in power reeovery from various heat sourees utilizing the Rankine eyele. The heat sourees presently being eonsidered for large seale power plants inelude geothermal and oeean-thermal energy, while small systems are direeted at solar heat, waste heat from reaetor proeesses, gas turbine exhaust and many other industrial waste heat sourees. Some of these systems are diseussed below in greater detail. 

Presently, designs for radial inflow turboexpanders in sizes up to 70 MW are available for use in geothermal power plants. Following are some of the most important features that make turboexpanders ideal for the reeovery of power from the vast available resourees of pressurized gas streams. 

United States in 1998) from coal (56%), nuclear (20%), natural gas (11%), hydro (8%), oil (3%), biomass (1.5%), geothermal (0.2%), wind (0.1%), and solar (0.02%). Recently, wholesale and some retail markets have been unbundled, allowing competitors to sell electrons with the monopoly utility or municipality providing the transmission service. Open-access restructuring gives customers choices and creates a commodity market in which the lowest-cost electricity wins market share at the expense of higher-cost alternatives. 

Project delineates between cleaner new gas technologies and polluting old natural gas technologies—and reserves a third cleanest category for energy efficiency/conservation, solar, wind, and geothermal (but not hydro or biomass). 

It may turn out that the same drilling technology that is being used to extract nil and gas, and that has been adapted for mining, geothermal, and water supply applications, will someday be equally useful in sequestering CO, in appropriate subsurface geologic formations. 

Air and natural gas have also been used as drilling fluids in slim-hole-drilling mining operations, special large-diameter boreholes for nuclear weapons tests, and, more recently, in geothermal drilling operations. 

EPA, EPA Regulatory Determination for Oil and Gas and Geothermal Exploration, Development and Production Wastes, Federal Register, July 6, Washington, D.C., 1988. 

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