Geological applications solutions

Low-temperature relations and geologic applications are discussed by Moh and Udubasa37. Naturally occurring members of the MoS2—WS2 solid solution series are reported in Refs.17-19. ... 

In the present time our organosilicon adsorbents found the practice application in such as fields such as, for example 1) the method of spectral-chemical determination of gold Clarke quantities in poor ores and rocks has been applied in analytic practice of geological establishments and research institutes 2) at the first time soi ption process was used in hydro-chemical analyze of fresh water. This method has been allowed to analyze of Baikal water 3) for purification metallurgical waters and waste solutions of chemical-metallurgical plants due to toxic elements 4) for creation the filters for extraction of rare elements, for example, uranium 5) for silver utilization from wasted of cinema-photo manufactory. This method has been applied to obtain the silver of high purity. 

Containment of the flushed contaminants and spent flushing solutions is essential to successful application of in situ flushing. This happens when the treatment zone is bounded geologically by materials with relative low hydraulic conductivity. Depth to the contaminated zone is a limiting factor because of the higher injection and extraction costs that are required compared with more shallow contaminated zones. Contaminants can be easily removed when the flushing solution follows the same channels as the pollutant. Also, possible mechanical disturbance of the surface layer of the contaminated area may render the contaminants inaccessible. 

Other areas of geologic research that can be explored using a combined instrumentation approach are many. Surface reactions of solids that have been suspended in aqueous solutions can be studied this type of work has important applications in mineral processing research. The analysis of precious and strategic metal ores can be studied in order to monitor their inherent material and chemical properties and their surface characteristics before and after reaction. 

With the benefit of hindsight, it seems obvious that geology should have become a field of application for physical chemistry. As early as 1851, Robert Bunsen had observed that magmas were solutions and might be treated by the same principles that governed the behavior of aqueous solutions. Minerals did not simply crystallize out of magmas in the reverse order of their fusibilities, but might show the same complex solubility patterns as were exhibited by mixtures of salts in water (20, 21). 

Fleer V. N. (1982). The dissolution kinetics of anorthite (CaAl2Si20g) and synthetic strontium feldspar (SrAl2Si20g) in aqueous solutions at temperatures below 100°C With applications to the geological disposal of radioactive nuclear wastes. Ph.D. diss., Pennsylvania State University University Park. 

R.C. Tacker, J.C. Stormer Jr., A thermodynamic model for apatite solid solutions, applicable to high-temperature geologic problems. Am. Miner. 74 (1989) 877-888. 

Flame atomic absorption spectrometry can be used to determine trace levels of analyte in a wide range of sample types, with the proviso that the sample is first brought into solution. The methods described in Section 1.6 are all applicable to FAAS. Chemical interferences and ionization suppression cause the greatest problems, and steps must be taken to reduce these (e.g. the analysis of sea-water, refractory geological samples or metals). The analysis of oils and organic solvents is relatively easy since these samples actually provide fuel for the flame however, build-up of carbon in the burner slot must be avoided. Most biological samples can be analysed with ease provided that an appropriate digestion method is used which avoids analyte losses. 

Similarly, hydrological models, based on precipitation distribution, topographic relief, location of the terminal base of drainage, hydraulic head data, and geology are also of a fragmented nature and seldom lead to a unique model solution. The situation may be significantly improved by the application of hydrochemical and isotopic checks, as discussed below. 

In nature, dissolution caused by carbonic and sihcic acids is a slow process. Because formation of carbonate and silicate complexes is very slow and mostly occurs on a geological time scale, it is difficult to reproduce the necessary reactions in the laboratory. On the other hand, acid-base cements may be produced within hours, and controlling the rate of reaction in these materials is easier than accelerating reactions in carbonate and sihcate minerals. Acid-base cements have considerable potential for commercial applications by exploiting the solubility of cation donors of oxides in acidic solutions. For this reason, we next explore the dissolution steps involved in formation of these cements in more detail. 

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