Geographical Peculiarities

In the Northern Hemisphere the area of arctic and tundra landscapes with plant species ecosystems is 3,756,000 km-. In the Southern Hemisphere similar landscapes are completely absent. Most of these landscapes occur in Russia, Fennoscandia, Greenland, Alaska, and Canada. 

The major restricting factor is the ocean. Both continental coastal areas and areas of islands are exposed to cold oceanic currents. The Arctic oceanic basin is separated from the warm influence of currents from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans owing to the existence of both narrow channels like the Bering Strait and submarine ranges. 

The low precipitation and freezing water stage during 10-11 months per annum have led to the development of arid polar and tundra landscapes. The characteristie features of these landscapes are the alkaline soil reaction (pH 7.5-8.0) and even the occurrence of modem carbonate formations. 

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GEOGRAPHICAL PECULIARITIES OF BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLING AND POLLUTANT EXPOSURE... 

It now appears that both the extreme magnitude and geographic limitations of the Antarctic ozone depletion are due to meteorologic patterns peculiar to the South Polar regions. The large decrease beyond the small reduction in the rest of the stratosphere apparently involves the circulation of the polar vortex, a complex interaction of Cl with oxides of nitrogen, their physical trapping in extremely cold (T < — 80°C) clouds and preferential removal of some species by precipitation. 

Peculiar industrial history and the geographic position of Karabash as a town of rather isolated local industry within the industrially saturated Urals region have made it an object of intensive ecological investigation in the framework of the international project The Assessment of Priorities for Middle Urals Environmental Pollution Prevention . The project was carried our under the aegis of the International Scientific and Technological Center (ISTC). One of the tasks of this project was to find out quantitative indicators of chemical impact of the local industry on the environment. 

Lead isotopic analysis (J, 2, 3, 4, 5) is a relatively new member of this expanding group of complementary methods. Like the others, it has its own peculiarities, advantages, and disadvantages which have been described. Lead isotope studies help to identify possible geographical origins of the ores from which ancient leads were smelted. Even where specific mines cannot be identified, the objects can still be classified as to which could or could not have had a common origin. The method requires only small sample sizes, and the results are independent of the histories of the objects studied. 

The article reviews in detail the tectonic division of Georgian territory, geographic locations of the areas allocated for underground gas storage (UGS) facilities and their lithological and structural features and peculiarities... 

The river mouth area usually has a specific soil and vegetation cover with predominately boggy and meadow soils, aquatic or hygrophilous plants it has peculiar and rich fauna (fish, fowl, fur-bearing animals, etc). The landscape of land patches within the river mouth area sometimes differs radically from the surrounding area landscape and is azonal, particularly in geographical zones insufficiently wet (steppes, semideserts, and deserts). 

Greenland, conversely, is characterised by the fact that it is in the northern hemisphere, which contains the largest part of the landmass of the whole Earth (about 67%) and most of the population of our planet. This location, rather close to the industrialised areas of north America, western Europe and northern Russia, does not prevent pollution from easily reaching the ice cap. These opposite peculiarities in terms of geographical location and atmospheric regimes underline why scientists are so interested in conducting parallel research programmes on both ice caps. 

Before the rise of modem science in Europe, around the 17th century, the level of advancement in sciences (astronomy, mathematics, medicine, biology, metaphysics, etc) achieved by ancient and medieval societies in the old world did not differ appreciably from one cultural area to another. In India the development of sciences is as old as her civilisation itself. Her peculiar geographical position enabled her to become the natural meeting ground of many nations and cultures and, in consequence, played an important role in the transmission and diffusion of ideas very early in her civilisation, India developed medical and alchemical practices of the... 

Many textbooks have appeared in recent years aiming to fnlfill these reqnirements however, most of these deal mainly with examples from the developed conntries of North America and Europe. Taking into account the geographical bonndaries of environmental pollution, which is especially pronounced in Asia, and the specific peculiarities of pollution in developing countries, this conrse aims to close this gap by providing regionally oriented knowledge in basic and apphed environmental chemistry. 

Barton and co-workers have developed a family of systems for oxidation and oxidative functionalization of alkanes under mild conditions exhibiting unusual selectivity (see reviews [50], polemics [50d,e], the first publication [51] and some recent publications[52], as well as the papers of other authors concerning these systems[53]). These oxidations occur in pyridine in the presence of an organic acid and are catalyzed by complexes of transition metals (mainly iron). If dioxygen is used as an oxidizing regent, a reductant must also take part in the reaction. The first such a system was invented in Gif-sur-Yvette [51]. Thus their name Gif systems. The systems with geographically based names are mentioned in Table IX.5. All Gif systems have the same chemical peculiarities ... 

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